A Referendum 
for the Illustrations in the 
Garfield Edition of General Lew. 
Wallace's Novel " BEN-HUR" 



PREPARED BY 

/ 

PAUL VAN DYKE 




Copyright, 1893, by Harper & Brothers. 

All rights reserved. 



NOTE 



The references are to books accessible and easily- 
used. But some other references are given to show the 
source of particular illustrations. The book most fre- 
quently referred to is Smith's Dictionary of the Bible. 
It is indicated simply as Smith. The other dictionaries 
of the same editor are as follows : Dictionary of Greek 
and Roman Antiquities — Diet. Ant. Dictionary of 
Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology — Diet. 
Biog. Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography — 
Diet. Geog. The figures in the margin indicate inclu- 
sively the pages of " Ben-Hur " referred to. 



j 



A REFERENDUM 

FOR THE 

ILLUSTRATIONS OF BEN-HUR 




A Grape-vine of the 
fertile plains of Jer- 
icho, once a garden 
of palms, vines, and 
fruit-trees, but now 
abandoned to thickets. — Smith, 
' ' Jericho. " Thomson, The Land 
and the Book. 

21b. An Arab of the Desert. 
Oriental dress changes but little. 
The costume of the modern Arab 
is very similar to that of the 
ancient Hebrew. A warm inner 
garment, a light outer cloak of 
graceful flowing shape and soft 
or brilliant hue — these still mark 
the people of the desert. — Books 
on Costume. Smith. Thomson, 
The Land and the Book, vol. iii. , 
p. 86, etc. 

22. A branch of the Coffee- 
tree, to the beautiful brown of 
whose berry the author compares 
the complexion of the traveller 
whom he shows going towards the 
desert. — Encyc. Brit., "Coffee." 

23. The Camel Howdah or cov- 
ered litter in which luxurious 
travellers upon the desert shield 
themselves from the sun. It is 
fully described in the text. 



24. Characteristic scenery 
where the rocky boundary of 
Eastern Palestine borders the 
desert. 

25. Vulture of the borders of 
the desert. There are two spe- 
cies. The lammergeyer, a huge 
and ferocious bird, which in the 
Alps sometimes carries off chil- 
dren, and the griffon, noted for its 
keen vision and extraordinarypow- 
ers of flight. The last is the bird 
usually meant by the eagle in the 
Bible. — Smith. Tristram Survey 
of Western Palestine. 

25^. The Jackal, often called 
fox in Scripture. The vulpes ni- 
lotica, a fox like ours, is also 
abundant east of the Jordan, and 
might have been seen by the trav- 
eller. — Smith. Tristram Survey 
of Western Palestine. 

26. The desert and death, with 
the swift camel fleeing from its 
dangers. 

27. A Camel, kneeling in order 
that its rider may dismount. When 
his steed rises, the traveller, who 
has mounted a camel for the first 
time, finds the action very unseat- 
ing and a little alarming. 



28-44 28. Now that the desert jour- 
ney is past, the artist introduces 
a symbol which shall express the 
race of the unknown traveller : 
the Columns of an Egyptian Tem- 
ple in which the Pharaohs might 
have worshipped. 

29. A Lion. Once abundant 
in Palestine, but now extinct. 
The last mention of lions in Pal- 
estine would seem to be a report 
by crusaders in the twelfth cen- 
tury. They were a formidable 
foe to desert travellers at the 
time of our story. — Smith. 

30. Various kinds of Tents. 
The one used by our traveller 
was, from the description, like 
the tallest of these four. 

31. The graceful Palm, which 
furnished the dates for the travel- 
ler's meal. These trees were 
once common in India, but are 
now nearly extinct. — Smith. En- 
cyclopaedia. 

32. The race of the new-comer 
is indicated by the turban — head- 
dress of the people of India. 

33. Shell of the Murex, from 
which the celebrated Tyrian pur- 
ple was made. This industry, 
together with glass-making and 
embroidery, was the foundation 
of the wealth of Tyre. — Encyc. 
Brit., " Phoenicia," " Dyeing." 

34. The repast spread by the 
Egyptian. The vessels are drawn 
from ancient specimens. The 
saucer, from the Berlin Museum, 
is of blue glazed pottery, decorated 
inside with lotus flowers. — Wil- 
kinson, Ancient Egyptians, vol. ii. 

35. Contemporary Coins. 

36. The summit of Mount Par- 
nassus, fabled to be the abode of 
the Muses, who inspired the lit- 
erature which was the glory of 



Greece. Taken from a view in 
Falke's Greece and Rome. 

37. A characteristic Jewish 
Head, representing the race of the 
outcast from whom Gaspar re- 
ceived a better knowledge of God. 

39. A Ship of Greece, using 
both sails and oars, but relying 
mainly on its sails. Differing 
from the galley, or war-ship, which 
was propelled by more oars, as 
the reader will presently see. — 
Diet. Classical Ant. Potter, Bi- 
ble Encyc. 

40. The remarks of Melchior, 
the Hindoo, are accompanied by 
illustrations suggested by his race 
or his words. An Indian Temple 
typifies the religion to which he 
alludes. 

41. Sanscrit writing from the 
vedas. The Sanscrit, not spoken 
for nearly two thousand years, 
has been preserved, like the Lat- 
in, as a literary and sacred lan- 
guage. The vedas, or sacred 
hymns of India, are older fhan 
the Sanscrit in which we have 
them. A rarge literature, much 
of which is still in MSS., has 
survived in Sanscrit. — Encyc, 
"Veda," "Sanscrit." Max Mid- 
ler, Chips from a German Work- 
shop, vol. i. 

42. A group of Indian Arms 
symbolizing the warrior caste. 

43. A scene on the Ganges, the 
sacred river of India, near the 
burning places of the dead. 

44. Crocodile. There are^three 
chief classes of this reptile: gavi- 
als, true crocodiles, and alliga- 
tors. The gavial is common on 
the lower Ganges, and grows to a 
great size. It is reported that 
the true crocodile has recently 
been discovered in Florida. — 



Encyc. Holliday, Two Years in 
the Jungle. Books on Natural 
History. . This illustration is 
taken from Wood's Natural His- 
tory. 

45. View in the Himalayas, 
the highest mountains of the 
world, among which the Ganges 
has its source. The scenery is 
said to be of unsurpassed magnifi- 
cence. This view is taken from a 
book entitled " The Indian Alps 
and How We Crossed Them." 
— Encyc. and books of travel. 

46. Medresseh, or college 
building, in Ispahan, where Mel- 
chior bought the camel. It was 
built by Sultan Hassein, and is 
richly decorated with marble, col- 
ored tiles, and wrought brass. — 
Encyc. , " Ispahan." 

47. Obelisk in the Temple of 
Ammon at Karnak, in the Nile 
valley. Obelisks are huge shafts 
cut of a single stone. Their 
shape gratified the Egyptian eye, 
and the transport of their enor- 
mous weight pleased Egyptian 
pride. The largest known obe- 

ffc lisk in Egypt weighs about 300 
tons. Several obelisks have been 
removed to cities of Europe. 
There is one in Central Park, 
New York. — Ebers, Egypt, vol. 
ii., p. 248. 

48. Ruins on the Island of 
Philae. These two small islands 
in the Nile were sacred. None 
but priests lived on them, and it 
was fabled that no fish approached 
their shores, neither did any bird 
light on them. Afterwards they 
became commercial centres for 
the Nile traffic. The smaller 
one is covered with the ruins of 
temples illustrating the architect- 
ure of different ages from the 



Pharaohs to the Caesars. — Diet. 45-53 
Geog. Ebers, Egypt. 

49. Figure of Isis, greatest of 
the Egyptian goddesses. She 
typified the earth, matter, or the 
passive principle in creation ; 
also, like the Greek Ceres, fruit- 
fulness. Her worship was asso- 
ciated with that of Athor, the 
Egyptian Venus ; hence in the 
figure she has the cow's horns, 
which were Athor's symbol. The 
symbol in the left hand is called 
an ankh. In the right hand she 
holds a lotus. Both of these sig- 
nified life or immortality. — Wil- 
kinson, Ancient Egyptians. 

50. A sketch of one of the 
pyramids of Gizeh. The pyra- 
mids are the most characteristic 
of the constructions of Egyptian 
genius, and the most enduring of 
all architectural works. In spite 
of the lapse of centuries and the 
plundering of generations, they 
remain the stateliest of human 
monuments. — Encyc. 

52. Egyptian War - chariot. 
Chariots formed one of the most 
important corps of the Egyptian 
army. In battle two persons oc- 
cupied the chariot, a warrior and 
a driver. But the king is always 
represented as alone in his char- 
iot. This was only done to in- 
crease his dignity in the picture. 
In the real battle he was doubt- 
less accompanied by a charioteer. 
— Wilkinson, Ancient Egyptians, 
vol. i., p. 223. 

53. A sketch of the Pharos, or 
light-tower, of Alexandria. The 
original was built by Sostratus, a 
celebrated architect of the third 
century before Christ, for Ptol- 
emy I. It was of white marble. 
The artist cut his name on the 



54-7° top stone, and covered it with 
plaster, on Avhich he put his mas- 
ter's name, and thus hoped to se- 
cure both royal favor and im- 
mortality. — Diet. Biog. 

54. Diabeyah, or boat of the 
Nile. It is propelled by oars or 
dragged by a rope from the bank, 
but uses its sails when the wind 
is favorable. 

55. Sphinx. A symbolic ani- 
mal formed by placing a human 
head on the body of a lion to ex- 
press the union of intellectual and 
physical powers. It symbolized 
the king. This is the Great 
Sphinx of the desert with the 
pyramid, its neighbor. — Wilkin- 
son, Ancient Egyptians. Ebers, 
Egypt. 

56. A view of the lake Victoria 
Nyanza, from which the Nile is- 
sues. — Speke, Journal of the Dis- 
cover} 7 of the Source of the Nile, 
p. 446. 

57. An Ancient Tower in the 
land of Moab. This country, 
east and south-east of the Jordan, 
was once covered with a prosper- 
ous population. The land is still 
very fertile, but lack of cultiva- 
tion now makes it desert. 

60. Leather Bottles and an 
Earthen Jar. The bottles are 
made of goatskin. The feet and 
head are cut off, and the body 
drawn out. The ends are sewed 
up, and the skins when filled are 
tied about the neck. These 
leather bottles were once univer- 
sal. They are still used through 
the East and in parts of Europe. 
A delicate flavoring of goat is apt 
to linger about the liquid carried 
in them. — Smith, " Bottle." 

61. Donkeys loaded with pan- 
niers. The donkey is smaller and 



less expensive to keep than the 
horse, and is used to a great ex- 
tent in the East, as well as in 
Europe, by small market-garden- 
ers and hucksters to carry prod- 
uce. 

62. A Fig Branch. The fig- 
tree is a symbol of prosperity. 
To sit under one's own vine and 
fig - tree was with the Jews a 
proverb signifying peaceful hap- 
piness. In some parts of Palestine 
the fig orchard seems to take the 
place of our apple orchards. — 
Smith, ' ' Fig - tree. " Thomson, 
The Land and the Book. 

63. A Water-carrier. These 
men, common in the markets of 
Eastern cities, are often of enor- 
mous strength, and bear their 
huge water-skins for hours. — 
Ebers, Picturesque Egypt. 

64. A Booth in Joppa. A sketch 
made from a photograph. 

65. A Saracen Fountain in Je- 
rusalem, called " The Fountain 
of the Gate of the Chain." 

66. Copper Coins of Cyprus. 
Cyprus was famous for its copper, 
and has given the name to that 
metal. — Smith, Diet. Geog. 

67. Weapons of gladiators, or 
men who fought in the arenas of 
the Roman cities for the amuse- 
ment of the populace. The net 
and trident were carried by a class 
of fighters called retiarii. They 
wore no armor, and endeavored 
to cast their net so as to entangle 
their heavy adversary and then 
despatch him with the trident. — 
Diet. Ant., "Gladiators." 

69. Musical Instruments to ac- 
company the singer. 

70. A Phylactery, or frontlet, 
worn on the forehead. It consist- 
ed of four passages of scripture 



written on strips of parchment, 
and enclosed in a case which must 
be made only of cowhide and 
after a particular model. — Smith, 
" Frontlet." 

71. Entrance to the Citadel of 
Jerusalem. The defences of Je- 
rusalem have been built and re- 
built. But part of her walls, 
which date mainly from the mid- 
dle of the sixteenth century, are 
built on Roman, some even on 
Solomon's, foundations. Jerusa- 
lem has suffered much since the 
time of our story from Roman, 
Crusader, and Mahometan. 

72. Column on the Egyptian 
coast, near Alexandria. It has 
received the name of Pompey's 
Pillar from a legend which con- 
nects it with his murder on this 
coast. This is a mistake, for an 
inscription shows it to have been 
erected by a prefect of Egypt in 
honor of Diocletian. — Roberts, 
Egypt, vol. i. 

73. Well in Nazareth, called 
the Fountain of the Virgin. It 
is more than probable that it is 
the same from which Mary drew 
water and Jesus drank. The 
Greek Church of the Annuncia- 
tion is built near the spring, whose 
source is north of the church. It 
is so called because of a tradition 
that the angel appeared to many 
in this spot. — Thomson, Central 
Palestine, p. 322. 

75. Carpenters' Tools from the 
East. A mallet, saw, gimlet, chis- 
el, bag for nails, and the bent 
handle of a drill which worked 
on a nut held in the hand. — Pot- 
ter, Bible Encyc, " Handicraft." 

76. Olive Branch. The olive 
is one of the oldest of cultivated 
trees. It grows everywhere in 



the Mediterranean countries, but 7i-§ 2 
was especially abundant in Pales- 
tine. The oil, which is pressed 
from the berries, is its most valua- 
ble product, but the pickled ber- 
ries form no small part of the 
peasants' food. Southern Cali- 
fornia is rapidly becoming a land 
of the olive. — Thomson, Leba- 
non, Damascus, etc., p. 35. Smith. 

77. A sketch of the Valley of 
Hinnom, a deep ravine south-west 
of Jerusalem. The name is as 
old as Joshua. The horrid wor- 
ship of Moloch, in which children 
were burnt alive, was celebrated 
here by idolatrous kings. Hence 
the Hebrew word " Gehenna," to 
denote the place of torment. — 
Smith, " Hinnom." 

78. One of a number of tombs 
in the valley of Jehoshaphat. To 
this one tradition gives the name 
of Absalom. It certainly is not 
the tomb of Absalom, as is seen 
by a glance at its architecture. 
Nevertheless, the Jews are in the 
habit of spitting on it and throw- 
ing stones at it. — Thomson, South- 
ern Palestine, etc., p. 520. 

79. Church of the Nativity at 
Bethlehem, which is supposed to 
have been founded by St. Helena, 
mother of Constantine. It is 
nearly a hundred and twenty feet 
square, plain without, but deco- 
rated within. — Thomson, Central 
Palestine, p. 32. 

80. Picture of a Khan, a build- 
ing whose uses are sufficiently ex- 
plained in the text. The sketch is 
made from a picture in Calmet's 
Dictionary of the Bible. 

82. Views of Bethlehem. Beth- 
lehem is one of the largest and 
most prosperous of the Christian 
villages of Palestine. Its build- 



83-95 ings are set in a green frame of 
fig and olive trees growing on the 
terraces that surround the ridge 
on which it is built. — Roberts, 
Holy Land. 

83. Arab Saddles ; not unlike 
our Western saddles in shape. 
But the method of riding is dif- 
ferent. The Arab rides with a 
short stirrup and bent leg, relying 
on the grip of his knee to keep 
his seat. 

84. View of a hill near Bethle- 
hem, on which Herod built his 
great fortress called Herodium, 
and probably placed the magnifi- 
cent mausoleum which received 
his body. Only crumbled ruins 
of the fortress and city which sur- 
rounded it remain. 

85. A Dog and Javelin, or light 
spear used for throwing. The 
Hebrews used the word dog as a 
term of reproach, but tame dogs 
were in use among them to guard 
houses and flocks. — Smith, 
"Arms" and "Dog." 

86. Valley of the Terebinth, 
supposed to be the place of com- 
bat between David and Goliath. 
It is impossible, of course, to lo- 
cate the exact position of that 
heroic combat. But it was doubt- 
less somewhere near this place. 

87. A glimpse of a part of the 
fortifications of Jerusalem called 
the Tower of David. It certain- 
ly was not built by David, but is 
generally supposed to occupy the 
site of the Tower of Hippicus, 
described by Josephus as built by 
Herod, and standing at the time 
of our story. — Thomson, Southern 
Palestine, p. 526. 

88. The outer Staircase of a 
house in Bethlehem. The popu- 
lation of Bethlehem is about five 



thousand, and the inhabitants are 
occupied as shepherds, as farmers, 
and in the production of little ar- 
ticles bought by pilgrims for sou- 
venirs. — Thomson. Smith. 

89. Woman of Nazareth. Their 
costume consists of a long blue 
undergarment, a red tunic, and a 
long white veil which hangs 
down to the belt. They are noted 
for their strictly virtuous behavior. 

90. A Camel Litter. 

90^. Flowers of the vicinity of 
Bethlehem. — Guerin, La Terre 
Sainte, vol. i., p. 169. 

91. A view of Bethlehem. A 
sketch made from a photograph. 

91^. Tent of Bedawin. These 
are sometimes large and compli- 
cated, divided into many compart- 
ments, and affording shelter to 
the animals as well as the family. 
—Smith, "Tent." 

92. Cave used as a stable in 
which Christ is believed to have 
been born. The sketch is after 
a painting by Le Rolles. 

93. A view of the site of the 
Temple on Mount Moriah as it 
appears to-day. The sketch has. 
been made from a photograph.— 
Thomson, Southern Palestine. 

93<£. An old Censer, such as was 
used for burning incense in sacri- 
fice. The censer was swung by the 
chains, and the smoke ascended 
through the holes in the lid. It 
was filled with coals, which were 
sprinkled with incense. — Smith. 

94. A Khan. See p. 80. 

95. Marah, or Sheepcot of 
Palestine. A low building with a 
yard enclosed by a stone wall, 
surmounted by thorn bushes, to 
protect the flock against the wolf. 
— Thomson, Central Palestine, p. 
59i. 



96. The Robber of the Fold. 
g6£. An Axe used for felling 

trees; after an ancient Assyrian 
axe-head now in the British Mu- 
seum. A Shepherd's Crook, use- 
ful as a climbing-staff and to lift 
sheep out of holes. It became 
the symbol of a bishop as a pas- 
tor of souls. — Smith," Axe" and 
" Shepherd." Diet, of Chr. Ant., 
" Pastoral Staff." 

97. Heads of Sheep. Sheep 
and goats constitute the chief 
wealth of Palestine. Two varie- 
ties of sheep are bred. The 
broad-tailed are the most charac- 
teristic. Palestine is the land of 
shepherds. — Smith, " Sheep." 

98. Sketch of a Roll or Book 
of the Law; made from a photo- 
graph. These books were kept 
in the synagogues. It was such 
a one that Christ called for and 
read in the Synagogue of Naza- 
reth. — Smith, vol. iv., p. 3575. 
Luke iv. , 16. 

too. View of Bethlehem, the 
City of David. 

101. View of Bethlehem, in 
which the Church of the Nativity 
is prominently shown. 

101b. Lilies. 

102. Interior of the Church of 
the Nativity at Bethlehem, show- 
ing the rich marble columns, and 
the ceiling made of wood of the 
cedar of Lebanon. — Thomson, 
Central Palestine, p. 32. 

103. Shrine of the Nativity. 
The silver star is believed to 
mark the place of the birth. The 
shrine is decollated with the rich- 
est marbles, silver, and gold. — 
Thomson, Central Palestine, p. 
33- 

104. A ruined Church at El 
Bireh or Beeroth. The three 



magi passed through this place as 9 6-111 
they followed the Shechem road 
to Jerusalem. — Thomson, Central 
Palestine, p. 87. 

105. Present appearance of the 
Tombs of the Kings where the 
women were sitting. These rock 
sepulchres once had great stone 
doors, which are described by a 
traveller as late as the end of the 
seventeenth century. They are 
now obstructed by rubbish. — 
Thomson, Jerusalem, p. 437. 

106. Grotto of Jeremiah. Sketch 
made from a photograph. This 
grotto is surrounded by tombs 
and shrines, and was much ven- 
erated by the Jews, as it is now 
by the Moslems. There is no 
good reason to suppose that Jere- 
miah was ever in it. — Thomson, 
Southern Palestine, p. 553. 

107. The Damascus Gate. A 
sketch made from a photograph. 
The Damascus Gate is the most 
important of the gates of Jerusa- 
lem. It contains two kinds of 
masonry, and was rebuilt in the 
sixteenth century, perhaps on old 
foundations which were there 
when the Wise Men of the story 
rode in. — Thomson, Southern 
Palestine, p. 555. 

108. A Street leading from the 
Damascus Gate as it appears now. 
The camels of the travellers b^ore 
the litters slowly through this 
narrow passage. 

109. A sketch of the Pool of Si- 
loam, near the walls of Jerusalem. 
The pool is now in ruins. — Thom- 
son, Southern Palestine, p. 453. 

110. Approach to Jerusalem. 
Sketch made from a photograph. 

in. Sketch of the Torrent of 
Cedron, near Jerusalem ; made 
from a photograph. 



ti2-i27 112. Tripod from the Cabinet 
of Brandenburg. A tripod is any 
article of furniture or utensil rest- 
ing on three feet. Tripods were 
chiefly used for three purposes: 
for tables, as in this case; for 
pots or caldrons, which was the 
form mentioned on p. 308 ; and 
for altars — see p. 579. 

113. An imaginary portrait of 
Hillel, the greatest of the doctors 
of Jewish law. He was espe- 
cially noted for the mildness of 
his teaching and character. Ga- 
maliel, who afterwards taught 
Paul, was his grandson. 

114. The Roman Girdle and 
Dagger of Herod marked him as 
one who followed the dress and 
fashions of Rome — a Jewish 
king, who was become a Roman 
in sympathies. 

115. The artist puts here a 
Roman Crown, for Herod's flat- 
tery of Octavius had won his 
crown, and he had celebrated his 
elevation by offerings to the Capi- 
toline Jupiter. — Smith, " Herod." 

116. Ancient books were writ- 
ten on rolls like that on page 98. 
These rolls were placed in a box 
or case, in order that they might 
be safely carried. — Hope, Cos- 
tume of the Ancients, vol. ii., p. 
276. 

117. A view from the top of a 
house near the Pool of Hezekiah 
over the roofs of Jerusalem tow- 
ards the Mount of Olives. The 
line of the city wall limits the 
view. — Guerin, La Terre Sainte, 
vol. i., p. S9. 

118. A Doorway in Jerusalem. 
From a photograph. 

119. Study of an ancient Chair 
of State. 

120. Roman Furniture ; at the 



top a marble table and lamp- 
stand, at the bottom a vase. The 
extravagance of the Roman house- 
hold furniture was as great as that 
which prevails at present, but the 
cost was concentrated on fewer 
articles. 

121. An ancient Flute, taken 
from a Roman sculpture. A sort 
of Cymbal with bells, whose exact 
use is unknown. 

122. A Roman Candelabrum. 
Taken from Weiss's History of 
Costume. 

123. Another view of the Cit- 
adel of Jerusalem. 

124. The Cell of St. Saba, in 
the celebrated fortress convent of 
that name near Jerusalem. St. 
Saba was a cenobite of the sixth 
century. When over ninety years 
old he went to Constantinople to 
defend the Christians of Palestine 
against the charges of the Samar- 
itans. The emperor received him 
with veneration, and his mission 
was successful. He was regard- 
ed as a sort of patron saint of 
Palestine. 

125. Entrance to Bethlehem as 
one comes from Jerusalem. The 
village stands on a little ridge, 
whose steep slopes are carefully 
terraced for vines down into the 
fertile valley below. 

126. Myrrh, Frankincense, and 
Gold, the gifts of the Wise Men. 
Frankincense and myrrh are both 
resinous gums which exude from 
trees or shrubs. Branches of these 
shrubs are shown on the left and 
right. On account of their aro- 
matic odor these gums were much 
used as unguents and as incense 
by many ancient nations. — Smith. 

127. Madonna and Child, after 
Knaus. 



131. Ruins of the Colonnade 
of Herod the Great, near Samaria. 
Its length was about 3000 feet, 
its width 50 feet, and its columns 
16 feet high, and 2 feet in diam- 
eter at the base. — Thomson, Cen- 
tral Palestine, p. 118. 

132. Ruins of the Harbor and 
Mole of Caesarea. There was no 
natural harbor at Csesarea, and 
shelter was made artificially be- 
tween two moles. — Thomson, 
Southern Palestine, p. 69. 

133. Cap of the High-priest, a 
Censer, and his Breastplate. The 
breastplate consisted of twelve 
precious stones, and on each was 
engraved the name of one of the 
tribes of Israel. It was hung by 
two gold chains to two onyx stones 
on the shoulders. — Smith, " High- 
priest." 

135. View of an angle of the 
south wall of Jerusalem. The 
fortifications of Jerusalem have 
been much changed since the time 
of our story, and it is difficult to 
tell just how they looked then. 

136. Palm-trees. A sketch 
made from a photograph. 

137. A sketch of a Fountain. 
Taken from a picture by a Ger- 
man artist. 

138. Oleander Flowers. 

139. Decorative border. A 
sketch from an old Arabian house. 
— Ebers, Picturesque Egypt, p. 
194. 

140. Roman Arms, such as the 
armorers were polishing. The 
most characteristic, the Roman 
short sword, is not here. It will 
be found on page 167. 

141. The artist appropriately 
introduces a Peacock as a silent 
comment on Messala. Its splen- 
dor and great cost made the Ro- 



mans fond of this bird. A dish 
of peacocks' brains was the crown 
of a luxurious Roman feast. — 
Encyc. 

142. Head of Apollo. From 
the celebrated statue called the 
Apollo Belvedere. The lyre, or 
ancient harp, was the symbol of 
the god. Apollo was the inspirer 
of the oracles to which Messala 
alludes. 

143. A Jewish Altar. A sketch 
made from a plate in Calmet's 
Dictionary of the Bible. For 
an account of Jewish altars, see 
Smith, " Altar." 

144. Roman Standard with the 
eagle, symbol of the power of 
Rome. The legions made Rome 
possible, and the idols of the le- 
gions were their standards. To 
betray the standard was to the 
Roman soldier not only dishonor, 
but sacrilege. The eagle follows 
the altar as Messala answers Ben- 
Hur. 

145. The Shield of a soldier, 
the Wreath of victory, and the 
Fasces of a consul — appropriate 
illustrations to Messala's words. 
The fasces were bundles of rods 
surmounted by an axe, borne be- 
fore the higher magistrates by 
men called lictors. These an- 
cient symbols were made up of 
the instruments of punishment. 
The fasces of a triumphant gen- 
eral were bound with laurels, as 
here. — Diet. Ant. 

146. Sketch of a Garden in Je- 
rusalem. Typical of the luxury 
for which Messala longed. 

147. Mask of a comic actor, 
the mouth filled with thistles. 
The Roman comedies were biting 
satires. This symbol is appropri- 
ate to Messala's sarcastic talk. 



148-165 148. The Paroe, or Plates, of 
Greek mythology, were three 
women. One held the spindle, 
another the distaff, and a third 
the shears. While Cloth o spun 
the thread of human destiny, 
Atropos cut it short at the ap- 
pointed hour. 

"Comes the blind Fury with the ab- 
horred shears, 
And slits the thin-spun life." 

— Milton, " Lycidas." 

149. A highly - decorated Ro- 
man Altar for private offering. — 
Falke, Greece and Rome, p. 291. 

150. Doorway of an Eastern 
bath-house. Sketch made from 
an illustration in Ebers' Pictu- 
resque Egypt, vol. ii. , p. 158. 

151. An interior view of the 
Gate of Jerusalem which is called 
St. Stephen's, from the tradition 
that here St. Stephen was stoned 
to death. — Thomson, Jerusalem, 
P- 557- 

152. Gateway of a house in Je- 
rusalem. A sketch made from a 
photograph. The description of 
Ben-Hur's house is accompanied 
by sketches of domestic architect- 
ure and utensils. 

153. Woman grinding grain 
with a hand-mill; a familiar scene 
in an Eastern household. The 
turning of the small upper mill- 
stone makes a ringing sound. 
The grain is poured in through a 
hole in the upper stone. These 
mills are usually worked by two 
women. — Thomson, Southern 
Palestine, p. 107. 

154. A stone Door-frame from 
a ruined house at Rabbath, in 
Moab, showing domestic stone 
ornamentation. — Perrot and Chi- 
piez, Art in Judea, vol. i., p. 310. 

155. Lamps and vessels of 



earthenware found in excavations 
in Jerusalem. 

156. Divan, Ewer, and Stand 
of an Eastern bedroom. After a 
painting by a German artist. 

157. Eastern ornamental Lat- 
tice - work. From Ebers' Pictu- 
resque Egypt. 

158. Eastern Roof Architect- 
ure. After a German painting. 
These pavilions on the roof are 
common in larger Eastern houses. 

159. Such a view as this might 
have been seen from the roof of 
Ben - Hur's house. The house- 
top in the East takes the place of 
our porch in summer. A sketch 
made from an illustration in 
Thomson's Southern Palestine, p. 
465- 

160. Agricultural illustrations 
suggested by Ben-Hur's question ; 
at top a yoke, at bottom a pair of 
oxen threshing. The method is 
simply to drive oxen round on 
top of the spread grain until the 
kernels are trampled out. — Thom- 
son, Southern Palestine, p. 153. 

161. Shackles and a Whip — 
typical of the Roman mastery of 
the world. 

162. A Greek Vase, typical of 
art, in which Ben-Hur felt that 
the Jew had no facility or force. 
This is a Panathenaic vase, given 
for a prize at the great athletic 
games. It has a red figure of 
Minerva on a black ground. 

163. Metal Girdle, Sandals, 
Rings, and Ornaments, in whose 
manufacture the Roman jewellers 
possessed great skill. 

164. Another roof-top view. 
From a German painting. 

165. Conjectural restoration of 
Herod's Temple. By Mr. Perrot, 
a distinguished French archaeolo- 



gist, and Mr. Chipiez, an eminent 
ai chitect. 

1 66. A large foundation of an 
unfinished building near Hebron. 
Tradition calls it the House of 
Abraham, because it is believed 
that Abraham's tent stood here 
when he received the visit of the 
angels. 

ibbb. Head of an Assyrian, 
the race that conquered the Jews 
and carried them into captivity. 

167. Roman Arms, among them 
the gladius or short sword of the 
legionary. 

168. Egyptian Fans. The fan 
is a very ancient implement, and 
specimens have been found in 
Egyptian tombs which are nearly 
two thousand years older than 
our era.— Encyc. 

169. Jewish Symbols: the head 
of Michael Angelo's great statue 
of Moses, the tables of the law, 
and the brazen serpent. 

170. The seven-branched Can- 
dlestick which was in the sanct- 
uary. A sketch made from the 
stone carving of the trophy on 
the triumphal arch of Titus at 
Rome. 

171. Insignia of office carried 
by certain Egyptian officials. 
They were made of wood and 
painted. The form is suggested 
by that of the large feather which 
was used in earlier times for cere- 
monial decoration. — Owen Jones, 
Grammar of Ornament. 

172. Ancient Artillery or siege 
implements, illustrating the talk 
of war. At top is a catapult or 
huge cross-bow, drawn by machin- 
ery and shooting a large arrow or 
bolt. At bottom is a battering- 
ram or heavy beam of wood tipped 
with metal, hung by chains and 



swung against the walls and gates 166-179 
of cities. — Diet. Ant., " Tormen- 
tum." 

173. Ancient statue of a Greek 
athlete called the Discobolus. 
He is engaged in a contest of 
disk-throwing, which corresponds 
to putting- the -shot in modern 
athletics. — Diet. Ant., "Discus." 

174. Part of a Roman Stand- 
ard. The letters stand for Sen- 
atus Populus Que Romanus, 
meaning, " The Roman Senate 
and People." At bottom the cui- 
rass of a Roman soldier. 

175. Well in the garden of the 
Convent of St. Catharine, on 
Mount Sinai. In former years 
there was no way of entering this 
singular convent of the Greek 
Church except to be hoisted up 
by a cord, but now a better entry 
is provided for those visitors 
whose letter of introduction, 
drawn up in a little basket, ap- 
pears to be satisfactory. In this 
monastery Tischendorf found his 
famous MSS. of the Scriptures 
called the Codex Sinaiticus. 

176. A fancy sketch of the Ark 
of the Covenant. See Book of 
Exodus, chap. xxv. 

177. Banners and Music. 
177^. A Roman War-trumpet, 

used, like our infantry drums and 
cavalry bugles, to give orders in 
war by means of certain notes 
having distinct meanings. 

178. A Woman dancing with 
the timbrel, as Miriam and her 
companions danced to meet Mo- 
ses after the overthrow of Pharaoh 
in the Red Sea. — Exodus, xv. 

179. A winged Assyrian Bull. 
From the palace of Nineveh, de- 
stroyed by Nebuchadnezzar, who 
carried off Ezekiel to the banks 



8o-iqi of the Chebar. From Layard's 
Nineveh. 

1 80. An Altar of Jupiter with 
the eagle, which was his bird. 
Illustrates the comparison of Je- 
hovah and Jupiter. Taken from 
Duruy's History of the Romans. 

181. An Oriental Dagger, or 
short sword. More slender than 
the Roman gladius, which was 
more like our bowie-knife en- 
larged. 

i8i<£. Ancient Lyre and Harp. 
The form of the lyre may have 
been suggested by the emblem of 
the Egyptian god Isis (see p. 49), 
or it may be simply a natural mod- 
ification of the lyre ending in a 
tortoise-shell, which was the first 
form of that instrument. See p. 
314- 

182. A conjectural restoration 
of the Temple of Jerusalem as it 
was rebuilt by Herod the Great. 
It was a building of extraordinary 
magnificence, and it is said that 
forty-six years of labor were re- 
quired to finish it. — Smith, 
''Herod." 

183; Silver Cups and other ar- 
ticles, partly from the so - called 
" treasure of Hildesheim." This 
was found in a field near the Ger- 
man city of Hildesheim. It con- 
sists of a number of rich silver 
utensils, and was doubtless the 
table service of some Roman 
general, who buried it on his re- 
treat. 

184. Sketch of a Head of a 
Jewish Girl. Made from a pho- 
tograph. 

184A At bottom a Jewish Gir- 
dle of gold and jewels, joined by 
strings of pearls to fastenings on 
the shoulders. 

185. Jewish Jewelry. A gold 



necklet with pendants of gold 
coins. 

186. An Ear-ring and an Am- 
ulet. Taken from Racinet's His- 
tory of Costume. Amulets, worn 
either on ear-rings or necklaces, 
consisted of gems engraved with 
mystic signs, or of charms written 
on little rolls of parchment. — 
Smith, "Amulet." 

187. Articles used by ladies of 
old times at the toilet. At bot- 
tom a mirror and hair-pin ; above 
a comb and jars for cosmetics, of 
which they were veiy fond. The 
little things in the round pot are 
pencils for shaping the eyebrows 
into the proper arch. — Falke, 
Greece and Rome, p. 249. 

188. Head-dress and sandals 
of a Jewish bride, both evidently 
designed to add to the height. 
If the front points were cut off, 
the sandals would be not unlike 
the sole of a French shoe. 

189. A Street in Jerusalem like 
the one described at the bottom 
of the page. The sketch is made 
from a photograph. 

190. A Signum, or Roman 
Standard. The Roman infantry 
did not use flags, but small metal 
images on staffs. The standard 
of the legion was an eagle, to 
which was attached the special 
sign of each particular legion. 
The subdivisions of the legion, 
the cohorts and maniples, had 
each a signum. This is probably 
the signum of a cohort or mani- 
ple. — Racinet, History of Cos- 
tume, vol. ii. 

191. The Lituus, or Roman 
War-trumpet. Tradition said that 
Romulus used a trumpet of this 
shape when he proclaimed the 
title of Rome. It was used for 



the cavalry, and gave a shrill note. 
—Diet. Ant. 

192. The Dress of a Roman 
General. Taken from various 
ancient monuments. Simplicity 
and dignity were the characteris- 
tics of the dress of the Roman 
commanders. 

193. Greaves, or armor for the 
lower part of the leg; Lance, and 
Links of a corselet or cuirass. 

194. Entrance Stairway of an 
Oriental house. — Ebers, Pictu- 
resque Egypt, vol. i., p. 195. 

195. A Roman Soldier in full 
armor ascending the steps of the 
house. After a German picture. 

196. An allegorical sketch typ- 
ifying the treachery of Messala be- 
traying the friend of his childhood. 

197. A Grecian Altar for in- 
cense such as was used in private 
worship. — Drury, History of the 
Greeks. 

19S. Ancient Treasure- casket. 
Jewelry and plate as it might 
have been flung in disorder by 
the soldiers, who plundered what 
they had time to hide. — From 
Potter's Bible Encyc, vol. iv. , p. 
1845. Falke, Greece and Rome, 
p. 24S. 

200. The empty Palace of Hur 
was given over to silence and the 
spider. 

20o£. Seal Rings, worn by all 
noble Romans. The right to 
wear such a gold seal ring was a 
sort of social distinction conferred 
as a reward by the emperor. — 
Diet. Ant.," Annulus." 

201. A view of Mount Her- 
mon, a prominent mountain on 
the north-east border of Palestine, 
visible from a great distance. It 
is about 10,000 feet high. — Smith, 
" Hermon." 

2 



202. A view of Nazareth and 
its Valley. The town is built on 
the western side of a narrow val- 
ley and shut in by hills. It con- 
tains a church of the Annuncia- 
tion. The house of Mary is be- 
lieved to have stood on this spot, 
and to have been miraculously 
translated through the air by an- 
gels to Loreto. 

203. Pitchers of earthenware. 
Drawn after ancient Egyptian 
models. In our time and coun- 
try wood and tin serve for many 
vessels which the ancients made 
exclusively of pottery. 

204. A sketch of Poppies. 

205. View of Nazareth from 
the hill which looks down upon it. 

209. A view of the Bay of Na- 
ples, sometimes said to be the 
most beautiful spot in the world. 
An old proverb says," See Naples 
and die." 

210. Remains of a Roman 
Mole near Naples. The archi- 
tectural genius of the Roman 
sought the practical rather than 
the beautiful. Its finest monu- 
ments are harbors and bridges, 
but most of the former have per- 
ished or been ruined by the action 
of the sea. 

211. The Rock of Gibraltar, 
known to the ancients as the Pil- 
lars of Hercules. The hero 
Hercules was fabled to have set 
up two pillars, one in Spain and 
the other in Africa, at this point. 
For a long time they marked the 
western limit of navigation. — 
Diet. Biog. , " Hercules." 

212. The old Harbor of Alex- 
andria. In ancient times the 
harbor of Alexandria was divided 
into two basins by a mole. The 
great harbor, called also the new 



213-226 harbor, is no longer used, because 
it has been closed by accumula- 
tions of mud. 

213. The Pineta of Ravenna. 
Ravenna was once one of the 
Roman military harbors. The 
encroachment of the land on the 
sea has made it an inland town, 
four miles from the shore. Pine 
forests grow where the Roman 
galleys once rode at anchor. — 
Diet. Geog. 

214. Writing-tablets. It would 
seem that among the Romans 
fashion demanded the use of tab- 
lets (p. 403) for writing, instead 
of parchment. Wills were also 
made on these tablets, which were 
then sealed to prevent forgery. 

215. Sacrificial Implements. 
The Simpulum, a sort of ladle, 
was used for libations. The flat 
bowl with a handle is a Patera, or 
vessel to catch the blood of the 
victim offered in sacrifice. The 
third article is a Sacrificial Knife 
for cutting up the victim to be 
burnt. 

216. A Triumphal Column to 
commemorate a naval victory ; 
decorated with prows and sterns 
of captured vessels. — Hope, Cos- 
tume of the Ancients. 

217. Aplustre, or curved orna- 
ment of a galley stern. Often 
exhibited with the prows as tro- 
phies of victory in the arena. 
See p. 267. — Diet. Ant. ," Navis." 

218. Winged figure of Victory, 
a favorite with the Greeks and 
Romans. Many mutilated stat- 
ues of this figure have survived. 

219. The Rudder, which was 
hung like a paddle at the side 
of the stern. Ships sometimes 
had one rudder, more often two, 
one on each side of the stern. 



They were often fastened togeth- 
er by a pole, which kept them 
parallel. — Diet. Ant.," Navis." 

220. Rostrum, or beak of an 
ancient galley. The sharp points 
are meant to increase its efficiency 
as a ram. Later these were fixed 
below the water-line, as in a mod- 
ern ship. Put the old beak was 
often retained for ornament. — 
Smith," Navis." 

221. Dolphin and Trident, 
symbol of Neptune, God of the 
Sea. With this he called forth 
and calmed storms. — Diet. Eiog. 

222. Specimen of an ancient 
Gong. Gongs were often used 
by the Romans in the place of 
bells. — Diet. Ant., " Tintinnabu- 
lum." 

222$. A Roman Chair. Illus- 
trations of Ancient Art. Plate 
xxii. 

223. The Tackle of a Roman 
galley was much less complicated 
than that of modern ships. They 
depended on their oars, and used 
a single big square sail, on one, 
two, or three masts, only as an 
auxiliary. — Diet. Ant.," Navis." 

224. Conjectural restoration of 
seats for rowers. The arrange- 
ment of oars in galleys, which 
sometimes had as many as five 
banks" or tiers, has been the sub- 
ject of much dispute among ar- 
chaeologists. It is not by any 
means settled, and probably can- 
not be — which makes it all the 
more interesting for the archaeol- 
ogists to discuss. 

225. Scenery along the shore 
of the Mediterranean. 

226. View of the Harbor of 
Messina, the port of Sicily near- 
est to Italy. It was an impor- 
tant city hundreds of years before 



Christ. Its harbor is superb, and 
it has still 155,000 inhabitants. 
— Encyc. Diet. Geog. 

227. Ruins of the Theatre at 
Taormina, near Messina. 

228. Another view of the Har- 
bor of Messina. These three 
pictures show the scenery of the 
strait through which the galley 
was passing. 

229. A Trireme, or ship with 
three banks of oars, taken from a 
broken fragment of other sculpt- 
ure. 

230. A Vessel for table use 
made in the form of a ship. 

231. The Mast of a Roman 
galley, with platform for archers. 

231/'. Solarium, or sundial, 
used for measuring time. The 
Romans used also clepsydrae, or 
hour-glasses filled with water. — 
Diet. Ant., " Horologium." 

232. A Bust of C. Octavius, 
first emperor of Rome, usually 
known by his title of Augustus, 
given by the senate and people. 
He was a nephew of Julius Cae- 
sar, and after his uncle's assassi- 
nation became his heir. In 
twelve years, by a combination 
of tact and military energy, he 
obtained the supreme power in 
the State as the first imperator, 
or perpetual military dictator of 
Rome. — Diet. Biog. 

233. An Allegory of Suffering : 
a bitter cup drained and a smoul- 
dering heart bound with thorns., 

234. Lilies and Palm Branch- 
es suggested by Ben-Hur's words 
about Tirzah. These were fa- 
vorite Eastern similes. See Song 
of Solomon, v. 13, vii. 7. 

235. Traditional attributes of 
the figure of Justice : the veil 
with which her eyes were bound 



that she might not be partial, the 227-242 
balance in which she weighed 
truth, the sword by which she 
punished wrong. 

236. Oars and Chains, to typify 
Ben-Hur's slavery to the oar. 

237. View of Cythera, an isl- 
and off the southern coast of 
Greece. It was supposed to be 
a favorite residence of Venus. — 
Diet. Geog. 

238. Helmet, and Arm and Ear 
Pieces of a gladiator. The Pillar 
with three points is a goal or 
turning-point in a race. — Diet. 
Ant., " Gladiator." 

239. Ruins of the Coliseum at 
Rome. This huge arena for 
gladiatorial shows was planned 
by Augustus, but finished by Ves- 
pasian and his sons. It was esti- 
mated that its marble seats would 
accommodate about 80,000 spec- 
tators. It is a fit symbol of the 
magnificence, strength, and cru- 
elty of Rome. An ancient prov- 
erb says : ' ' While stands the Col- 
iseum, Rome shall stand. When 
falls the Coliseum, Rome shall 
fall." — Diet. Ant., " Amphithea- 
trum." 

240. A pirate Bireme, or gal- 
ley with two banks of oars. The 
rudder on p. 219 can be seen 
here, hung in its place at the side 
of the stern. Notice also the two 
beaks for ramming. See pp. 
216 and 220. 

241. Island scenery on the 
^Egean Sea, where the pirates 
were cruising. The architecture 
of these ruins is of the time of the 
Crusades. 

242. View of Thermopylae, 
near which the fleet passed. In 
this narrow defile, between the 
mountains and the morass, Leoni- 



243-263 das and his handful of Spartans 
held the host of Xerxes at bay in 
the most celebrated fight of his- 
tory. — Diet. Geog. and Diet. 
Biog. 

243. Arrius's fleet coming down 
before the wind under oars and 
sail. 

244. Decorative border of vari- 
ous sea-weeds. 

245. An Altar. Above, the 
brazier for incense. The figures 
on the column are winged victo- 
ries. See pp. 149 and 180. 

246. A Cross-bow and Sheaf of 
Arrows. 

247. A Roman Couch. 

247^. Ancient Baskets and 
Jars, such as held the oil and cot- 
ton for the fire-balls. — Falke, 
Greece and Rome. Potter, Bible 
En eye. 

248. Poppies, from which opi- 
um is made, typifying the bright 
dreams of imagination. 

249. Decorated Armor of a 
Roman commander. Helmet, 
sword, and belt, together with 
shoulder-pieces. See p. 192. — 
Diet. Ant. 

250. A Ballista, or piece of 
Roman artillery. The recoil of 
the spring slung the stone. The 
ballista is equivalent to the mor- 
tar ; the catapult (p. 172), to the 
cannon. Large ballistse had a 
range of a quarter of a mile. 
Small ones were carried by ships 
to besiege maritime cities. — 
Diet. Ant., " Tormentum." 

251. Roman Trumpet and Lan- 
tern for holding a flare or signal- 
light. 

252. The Crane and Grap- 
pling-iron, whose use is described 
in the text. 

253. A Roman Standard. See 



p. 190. This would be set upon 
the deck of a vessel when going 
into action, for the marines to 
rally round. 

254. Barbarian Arms. Rough- 
er, lighter, and less effective than 
the Roman, who, like the modern 
European, had against other na- 
tions or races the double advan- 
tage of equipment and discipline. 
— Weiss, Kostum-Kunde. 

255. The Dove escaping from 
the window. A design emblem- 
atic of Ben-Hur's release from 
slavery. 

256. The denizens of the deep. 

257. Figure-head of an ancient 
galley. These were often gilded 
and decorated with colored 
streamers, as in this case. The 
ancients lavished decoration on 
the outside of their ships. 

258. A Galley. The two rud- 
ders and the banner on the 
aplustre are seen here plainly. 
See pp. 217 and 219. 

259. Calm Sea and Sea-gulls. 
Such a scene the morning showed 
to Ben-Hur. 

260. Ring such as was worn 
by all noble Romans as a mark 
of rank. See p. 200. 

261. Misenum, where Arrius 
had his villa. Misenum was one 
of the stations of the Roman 
fleet. Together with the neigh- 
boring Baiae it was the most fa- 
vorite resort of the Romans. 
The neighborhood was crowded 
with magnificent villas. — Diet. 
Geog. 

262. The Prow and Figure- 
head of a galley. 

263. Head of Neptune, God of 
the Sea, and two sea-horses, from 
fragments of ancient sculpture. 
Neptune and Minerva had a con- 



test to prove who could make the 
most useful thing. Minerva cre- 
ated the olive-tree, Neptune the 
horse. The dolphin was also as- 
sociated with Neptune. Hence 
the fanciful union of the two in 
the figure of the sea-horse. 

264. Allegorical design, show- 
ing the endurance of honor after 
death. 

265. Town of Chalcis, on the 
Island of Eubcea. The Strait of 
Euripus lies in front. It is only 
forty yards broad at this point, 
and divided by a rock into two 
tideways through which the cur- 
rent flows with great swiftness, 
changing its direction very quick- 
ly and without regularity. — 
Diet. Geog. , "Chalcis." 

266. Emblems of Mercury : 
the winged hat, signifying speed, 
and the caduceus, or staff of the 
herald. This was, in early times, 
bound with white ribbon. Later, 
it is represented as twined and 
crowned by two serpents. Mer- 
cury was God of Trade, and pro- 
tected travellers ; also the giver 
of luck at games. His emblems 
are therefore appropriate in con- 
nection with Arrius's good-fortune 
over the pirates. — Diet. Biog. 

267. Ruins of an amphithea- 
tre, like the amphitheatre of 
Scaurus, in which Arrius's trium- 
phal pillar was shown. It was a 
circus-ring built of stone and open 
to the sky. The Coliseum (p. 
239) was not yet built. — Diet. 
Ant., " Amphitheatrum." 

268. Design of a Triton blow- 
ing a conch-shell. The Tritons 
were sea-gods, attendants of Nep- 
tune. The sound of their conches 
was supposed to calm the sea. 
They were figured as here, with 



the body of a man and the tail of 264-279 
a fish. — Diet. Biog. 

271. Sketch made from a con- 
jectural restoration of the palace 
of Khorsabad, fifteen miles from 
Nineveh. This city was built by 
the father of Nebuchadnezzar. 
Its ruins show that it was about 
ten miles square. It was sur- 
mounted by walls and contained 
a magnificent palace. — Fergus- 
son, History of Architecture. 

272. The Port of Salamina, 
or Salamis, on the east coast of 
the Island of Cyprus : a very an- 
cient city. — Diet. Geog. 

273. Emblems of Commerce : 
mast, sail, anchor and rudder, a 
bale of goods, and the winged 
caduceus of Mercury on a tablet. 
See p. 266. 

274. The Pigeons of the empty 
palace of the Hurs. 

275. Head of Tiberius, success- 
or of Augustus. A suspicious 
ruler whose last years were given 
to vice and cruelty in his villas, 
while the empire was abandoned 
to favorites. In his seventy- 
ninth year he was smothered on 
his death-bed by his impatient at- 
tendants. — Diet. Biog. 

276. The rich Grapes of the 
villas at the mouth of the Oron- 
tes. 

277. The Pass of Beilan, near 
Antioch. Mount Amanus, point- 
ed out by the passenger, rises 
above it. — Bartlett. 

278. The glories of ancient 
Antioch are gone, but the ruins 
of her walls, spoken of with pride 
by the passenger, still remain, 
and may be seen in the picture, 
which is from Bartlett. 

279. The Bridge at the en- 
trance to Antioch. A sketch 



296 made from the burial-ground out- 
side of the city. 

280. A view on the Orontes, be- 
low Antioch. The Orontes is a 
slow-flowing stream, well wooded 
with bay, ilex, arbutus, and myr- 
tle. The road follows it along 
banks rocky and exceedingly 
picturesque. — Bartlett, " Syria," 
etc. 

2S1. A conjectural restoration 
of the Colonnades of Antioch. 
The streets of several Italian 
towns, notably those of Bologna, 
are thus protected from the sun 
and rain by continuous colon- 
nades. 

282. A Whip used for slaves. 
Its significance is apparent on 
reading the chapter. The lashes 
of the Roman slave- whip, like the 
Russian knout, were loaded with 
lumps of metal. Its use was 
sometimes fatal. — Diet. Ant., 
" Flagellum." 

283. The Palace of the Roman 
governor. A conjectural restora- 
tion of a Roman villa. Sketch 
made from a picture in Falke's 
Greece and Rome. 

284. A branch of Syrian roses. 

285. Eastern stone carving 
from a doorway. 

2S6. The border of an Eastern 
rug. 

287. A piece of ornamental 
roof architecture from a conject- 
ural restoration of a Roman pal- 
ace in Racinet's History of Cos- 
tume. 

288. Ancient Roman Drink- 
ing-cups and Vase. The Romans 
drank enormous quantities of 
wine at their feasts, although they 
always mingled it with water. 
They had, like the German stu- 
dents, many fanciful ceremonies 



and customs connected with 
drinking. 

289. An Egyptian Chair. The 
Egyptians did not recline, as did 
the Greeks and Romans, but 
rather sat for writing, meals, and 
conversation. They used many 
forms of chairs made of rare 
woods and often inlaid. They 
were often covered with leather, 
or with pillows of various colors. 
— Potter, Bible Encyc. , p. 1S47. 

290. Papyrus. A plant used by 
the Egyptians in the manufacture 
of paper. It was once abundant 
on the banks of the Nile, but is 
now almost extinct. Our word 
" paper" comes from the Greek 
name of this plant. — Encyc. 

291. Another view of Mise- 
nura, where Arrius's villa was. 

292. Conjectural restoration of 
a villa in Misenum, from Falke's 
Greece and Rome. The villas of 
Rome were superb. All that 
wealth could buy or taste devise 
was lavished on them. There 
probably has never been so much 
luxury, unless in French royal vil- 
las of the eighteenth century or in 
modern English country houses. 

293. A bronze Standard, found 
at Athens. In the two openings 
were inserted portraits of the em- 
perors, probably medallions in 
bronze, silver, or gold. 

294. The Sphinx (see p. 55) 
was a favorite figure with Egyp- 
tian architects and sculptors. It 
was put in front of gateways, and 
in some cases an avenue of 
sphinxes, arranged in pairs, led 
up to the doorway of a temple. — 
Encyc. 

295. A border of thorn branch- 
es, symbolic of suffering. 

296. Ancient Bells. Bells were 



much used by the Romans, and 
were of various forms. They 
even put them on the collars of 
their chariot horses, as we do in 
sleighing. Many of their bells 
were cup-shaped, like our sleigh- 
bells. — Diet. Ant., " Tintinnabu- 
lum." 

297. Branch of Camphire. A 
shrub about six feet high, bearing 
whitish flowers of a very sweet 
odor. Solomon's Song, i. 14, iv. 13. 
But some question whether this 
is the shrub alluded to. — Smith. 

298. View on the Orontes, the 
river of Antioch. The bridge 
crosses a small tributary coming 
down from the mountains. The 
whole valley of the Orontes was, 
at the time of our story, magnifi- 
cently productive. It is now bad- 
ly cultivated, but very beautiful. 

299. Ancient Mirror. The 
looking - glasses of the ancients 
were made of metal, either a 
mixture of tin and copper, or else 
of silver. They made mirrors 
of glass, but these were inferior. 
Masks, worn by all ancient act- 
ors. These two articles typify 
truth and falsehood, one reveal- 
ing, the other concealing. — 
Diet. Ant., "Speculum" and 
" Persona." 

300. A Tomb in the Valley of 
Hinnom, near Jerusalem. This 
valley, now desolate and aban- 
doned to tombs, was once cov- 
ered with gardens rendered fer- 
tile by irrigation. — Thomson, Je- 
rusalem. 

301. Ornament from the ruins 
of Persepolis, the ancient capital 
of Persia. The city was built of 
wood, and burned by Alexander. 
It was rebuilt, and flourished as a 
centre of commerce. The ruins 



which survive are of its palaces 297-307 
and temples. — Diet. Geog. 

302. A sketch of the Port of 
Beirut, an ancient town on the 
sea-coast of Phoenicia. It was 
once celebrated as a school of 
Greek learning. It has suffered 
much from earthquake. It is to- 
day the most important commer- 
cial city of Syria. — Diet. Biog. 

303. Restoration of a Roman 
Tomb, from ruins found in Assos, 
a city of Asia Minor. From this 
vicinity the stone was brought for 
sarcophagi, whose use will be ex- 
plained. 

304. A Roman Box made of 
pottery, found in the ruins of 
Pompeii. 

304^. Keys. 

305. Ruins of the outer wall 
of Csesarea, a maritime city of 
Palestine, founded by Herod the 
Great, and named Csesarea in 
honor of Csesar Augustus. He 
spent twelve years of labor and 
vast sums of money on the town, 
of which nothing but the ruins 
now remain. — Diet. Geog. , ' ' Cses- 
area." 

306. Arms suggested by Ben- 
Hur's speech. The short, broad 
shape of the Roman sword is 
plainly seen here. Holmes says, 
" The nation which shortens its 
weapons lengthens its bounda- 
ries." 

307. A sketch in the streets of 
Antioch. The once powerful 
Antioch is now a miserable col- 
lection of scattered houses in the 
midst of ruins. The last reliable 
census puts its inhabitants at be- 
tween five and six thousand, so 
low has fallen this proud city, 
once as populous and magnificent 
as Paris. — Diet. Geog. 



-3 l8 308. Monument of Lysicrates, 
an Athenian choragus appointed 
to manage and pay for the chorus 
at the dramatic performances. 
The best choragus was rewarded 
with a tripod (p. 112), for which 
he was expected to pay the cost. 
This was a monument built to 
receive the tripod, but it is now 
empty. Such architecture or- 
namented the Daphne road. — 
Diet. Ant., "Choragus." Diet. 
Biog., " Lysicrates." 

309. The choicest Bulls, pref- 
erably white ones, were selected 
for sacrifice. 

310. Emblems of Bacchus, the 
God of Wine. The cymbals and 
rods were carried by the Bacchan- 
tes in the Bacchanal processions 
and dances. The rod, tipped with 
a branch of ivy, vine leaves, or, 
as here, with a pine-cone, was 
called a Thyrsus. The pine-cone 
was suggested by the use of tur- 
pentine in wine making. — Diet. 
Ant., "Thyrsus." Diet. Biog., 
" Dionysius." 

311. Branches of Bay or Laurel. 
An evergreen shrub, growing to 
the size of a tree. It was sacred 
to Apollo (see p. 323). Victors 
in athletic games and poetic con- 
tests were crowned with bay, and 
it became the emblem of victory ; 
hence, our "laurels." — Encyc, 
" Laurel " {Lanrns nobilis). 

312. Centaur, a mythical being. 
Chiron, the centaur here spoken 
of, had been the tutor of Achilles 
and all the celebrated heroes 
of Grecian story. — Diet. Biog., 
"Centaur" and "Chiron." 

313. Musical Instruments. The 
lowest is the Syrinx, or pipe of 
Pan. According to the fable, 
Syrinx was a woman beloved of 



Pan, who was changed into a 
reed. Pan, to console himself, 
made this instrument. It consist- 
ed of seven or nine reeds fastened 
together with wax. — Gohl and 
Koner, Life of the Greeks and 
Romans. 

314. Love and Music. Cupid 
was the God of Love; he is repre- 
sented as a winged boy, who ac- 
companied Venus; he is seated 
on a tortoise-shell supported by 
two lyres. The tortoise was sacred 
to Apollo, God of Music, because 
the first lyre was made of its shell. 
— Diet. Biog., "Eros." Diet. 
Ant., " Lyra." 

315. Site of the ancient Daph- 
ne. Of the buildings of the cele- 
brated garden nothing remains 
but ruins. The great grove of 
laurel and cypress, ten miles in 
circumference, has perished. The 
outline of the surrounding mount- 
ains and the cascades are all 
that remain of the ancient beau- 
ties of the place. These last are 
about thirty feet high, and fed by 
springs. — Diet. Geog. 

316. Branch of Mulberry. 
There are several varieties of mul- 
berry, which is cultivated both for 
its fruit and its leaves. The China 
mulberry is the one used in the 
silk industry to feed the young 
worms. — Encyc, " Mulberry." 

317. 'Head of Pan, the God of 
the Woods, Fields, and Flocks. 
This deity had the horns and legs 
of a goat. Below are the pipes 
on which he was fond of playing. 
See p. 313. — Diet. Biog., "Pan." 

318. Jasmine. A shrub, or 
trailing vine, with delicate flow- 
ers, either white or yellow, and 
of very sweet odor. — Encyc., 
" Jasmine." 



319- The long-tailed Titmouse 
and Nest. These are restless lit- 
tle birds, moving in flocks, and 
sleeping in cold weather all hud- 
dled together in a mass for 
warmth. They build beautiful 
little closely woven nests, shaped 
like an egg, for which they use 
moss, hair, and the cocoon webs 
of spiders and caterpillars. — Nat. 
Hist. 

320, 321. Scenes in Arcady, 
from a picture by Fortuny. Ar- 
cadia was a part of Greece given 
up to flocks. Its inhabitants were 
noted for rustic hospitality and 
love of music. Pan (p. 317) was 
their tutelary divinity, and they 
were also devoted to Apollo. Ar- 
cadia became with the poets a 
fabled paradise of rustic virtue, 
and was supposed to be the 
birthplace of music and pas- 
toral poetry. — Diet. Geog., "Ar- 
cadia." 

322. Brazier. Vessel for hold- 
ing fire, used in offering incense 
and in sacrifice. Taken from a 
picture by a French artist. 

323. Statues, representing Apol- 
lo pursuing Daphne. Daphne was 
a daughter of a river god loved 
by Apollo. She was turned into 
a laurel-tree (daphne, in Greek), 
which became the tree of Apollo. 
— Diet. Biog. ," Daphne." 

324. The Lyre of Apollo 
shrouded by a net. Fine and in- 
sidious as the arts of seduction, 
black as sin. The noble bays have 
fallen from the lyre. The net is 
held by the staffs of the pastoral 
peace, which was an occasion to 
lust. 

326. Decorative sketch of a gar- 
den. 

327. A Chariot. The Romans 



did not use the chariot in war, but 3 J 9-333 
victorious generals rode in it in 
triumphal processions ; hence the 
custom of using chariots in mar- 
ble or bronze as architectural or- 
naments to monuments of victory. 
— Diet. Ant., "Currus." 

328. Figure of an Eagle at rest 
and in flight. The eagle is the 
emblem of speed and courage. 
The Romans employed his figure 
as the standard of the legions, 
and that has made him the sym- 
bol of victory. 

329. Ornament for the run- 
ning-gear of a Chariot found near 
Luxembourg. 

330. A Tent. Drawn from a 
fancy picture of the tent of Am- 
roo, the Mohammedan leader who 
invaded Egypt in 638. The story 
is that, when abandoning his en- 
campment to attack Alexandria, 
he was told that a pair of pigeons 
had built a nest on the top of his 
tent. Whereupon he ordered that 
as they had sought his hospitality 
they should not be disturbed. 
This incident gave its name to 
the city — Fostat, or the tent — 
founded on the spot. A similar 
story is told of a German em- 
peror. — Ebers, Egypt. 

331. Yoke and Collars taken 
from Wagner's picture, entitled 
' ' Chariot Race in the Circus Max- 
imus." 

332. Head of the Temo, or pole, 
of a Roman racing chariot. This 
was often carved, or fitted with 
a bronze ornament like the one 
shown here. 

333. Heads of Nero and Corn- 
modus. Nero (the head on the 
inside) was a weak youth who fell 
into the lowest vice and the most 
deplorable cruelty from the temp- 



334-35° tations of absolute power. He was 
assassinated at the age of thirty. 
Commodus was the son of one of 
the best of Roman emperors. His 
senseless bloodshed has suggest- 
ed that he was insane. He was 
strangled by a hired athlete after 
a reign of twelve years. — Diet. 
Biog. 

334. Sketch of a Quadriga, or 
four-horse chariot, well described 
on pp. 331 and 332. 

335. Allegorical figure of Fort- 
une holding the cornucopia of 
wealth, and standing on the turn- 
ing wheel of chance. 

336. Ruins of a Greek Temple, 
showing the portico and colon- 
nade, which were always a portion 
of those structures. 

337. A Litter. The ancient 
Romans used litters only to carry 
the dead. Later covered litters 
"were used for travelling. Their 
use in the city of Rome was at 
first confined to women, but they 
gradually came to be employed 
by men of distinction. They were 
common in Greece and Asia Mi- 
nor much earlier. — Diet. Ant., 
" Lectica." 

338. Since the times of her ear- 
ly kings Rome has been well sup- 
plied with pure water. It is, 
therefore, a city of fountains. The 
sketch represents a fountain in 
the courtyard of a Roman house. 
— Trollope, Italy, p. 233. 

339. A piece of Oriental fringe. 
The Eastern people excel in all 
kinds of embroidery, and Alexan- 
dria was, at the time of our story, 
the centre of the manufacture of 
plain and fancy cloth, and, in- 
deed, all things connected with 
clothing. 

340. Gold jewelry of Etrus- 



can workmanship from the Mu- 
seum Campana, at Rome. 

341. Head of Balthasar's 
daughter. A fancy sketch. 

342. Figure of a Charioteer. 
The reins were wound about the 
body in order that the driver 
might better use his weight in 
checking the horses. In case of 
any accident to the light car this 
made his position one of great 
danger. To give him a chance 
for life in such a case the curved 
knife was carried at the waist to 
cut the reins. — Diet. Ant. 

343. Figure of Cupid shooting 
the arrow of desire. 

344. Ancient Drinking- cups 
were made of the most various 
forms and materials. These are 
drawn from specimens found in 
the ruins of Pompeii. — Potter, 
Bible Encyc, p. 464. 

345. A winged Horseshoe and 
Whips. Emblems of the horse- 
race. 

346. An Incense Burner set on 
wheels, found in an Etruscan 
tomb at Caere. Probably of Phoe- 
nician pattern. — Perrot and Chi- 
piez, Art in Judea. 

347. Prison Bars and the un- 
strung Lute : the silent music of 
a vanished joy. 

348. Roman Cinerary Urn. 
The Romans usually burnt their 
dead, gathered the ashes, and 
placed them in urns. This urn 
bears the name of the dead on 
its side. — Montfaucon, Antiquity 
Explained. 

349. A Ferry over the river 
Orontes, above Antioch. At this 
point the river is about sixty yards 
wide and about six feet deep. — 
Bartlett. 

350. Ruins on the Palatine 



Hill, looking down on the great 
circus of Rome. This circus was 
first established by King Tarquin, 
and enlarged from age to age un- 
til it was said to seat four hun- 
dred thousand spectators. — Wey, 
Rome. 

351. Laurel Crowns, bound 
with ribbon. The prizes in the 
Grecian games were crowns made 
of laurel leaves. 

352. Bath and Implements. 
Two strigils, or scrapers, for 
scraping the body ; two pincers, 
used to pull out the hair; and a 
flask to hold oil, or perfume, with 
which the body was anointed. — 
Racinet, History of Costume. 

353. Roman Coins of the early 
empire. 

354. Fruit - piece, signifying 
plenty. 

355. A Mill on the Orontes, 
above Antioch. — Chesney, Expe- 
dition to the Euphrates. 

356. Palm-trees. The palm 
has been called the king of trees 
because of his stately appearance 
and great usefulness. There are 
about a thousand different spe- 
cies.— Encyc. 

357. Pillar, suggesting, in con- 
ventionalized forms, a palm-tree. 
It is from the ruins of Edfou. 

35 S. A Caravan resting in the 
desert. 

359. Flowers of the date-palm, 
a tree whose fruit is the chief 
food of Arabia, and one of the 
great articles of its commerce. 
There are as many varieties of 
date-palm as of apple-trees, but 
all have, like the varieties of the 
apple, the same general charac- 
teristics. 

360. The Roman Hyacinth, 
bearing several spikes of flowers 



more loosely set than the ordinary 
garden hyacinth. 

361. An Eastern Jewel-casket, 
made of ivory and gold. 

362. Not far from Antioch is 
the Turkish town of Aleppo, now 
much more rich and powerful 
than the once great Antioch. 
Each stands in a fertile plain, 
and between the plains there is 
a mountain chain traversed by a 
pass. As you approach Antioch 
from Aleppo you see, at the sum- 
mit of the pass, this view. 

363. Ruins in the Forum at 
Rome. The fora in ancient 
cities were level open spaces set 
aside for public business, or for 
markets. The forum in Rome, 
called the Great Forum, to distin- 
guish it from others, was the cen- 
tre of the city's life. All the 
finest buildings, public or private, 
were around or on it. — Diet. Ant. , 
" Forum." 

364. The Goat is a great sup- 
port of the Eastern nomad, be- 
cause of his ability to sustain life 
on the scantiest herbage. A kid 
or a lamb is the dish of honor 
among Arabs. 

365. Roman Bridge. The Ro- 
man bridges and aqueducts were 
among the most solid and endur- 
ing of their constructions. They 
did not use iron, and hence 
"could not attempt the triumphs 
of modern engineers. 

366. Allegorical design sym- 
bolizing despatch : wings and 
feet for speed, and the caduceus 
of Mercury. 

367. A very rare Lily, which is 
believed to have originated in 
Otaheite. It bears as many as 
thirty flowers at a time. At the 
top of the page is an ancient 



37°-3 8 3 rack or instrument of torture. 
The victim was extended on the 
spikes, and then his joints were 
stretched by means of the little 
windlasses at either end. 

370. The central gateway of 
the temple court seen in the vi- 
sion of Ezekiel, as conjecturally 
drawn by Perrot and Chipiez. 
These sketches of an edifice 
that never existed were drawn 
to illustrate the ideals of Jewish 
art. 

371. The Lily, contained in 
the bulb and expanding into plant 
and flower, as the idea of ven- 
geance rooted in the mind ex- 
pands into life and conduct. 

372. The ruins of the villa of 
Hadrian, at Tivoli, near Rome. 
Hadrian (emperor, 1 17-138) was 
a man of ability, but fond of 
pleasures intellectual, artistic, 
and sensual. He spent most of 
his reign in travelling through 
the empire, but his fondness for 
building led him to erect a mag- 
nificent villa at Tibur, now Tiv- 
oli. — Diet. Biog. 

373. The Romans were very 
fond of extravagant tables. The 
finest were made of citrus wood, 
a kind of cypress, a native of 
Africa. They used the roots or 
swellings of the trees for the sake 
of the beautiful veining. Choice 
tables brought enormous sums. 
One is said to have sold for sixty 
thousand dollars. — Diet. Ant. , 
" Mensa." 

374. Harp and Cymbals. The 
harp was the instrument of Da- 
vid, who soothed the madness of 
Saul by the music of his harp. 
The cymbal was used by Miriam, 
who danced before Moses with 
cymbals. Some believe, however, 



that the timbrel was of skin, like 
our tambourine. 

375. A view of Antioch from 
the west. The city is much 
shrunk from its former size, and 
largely in ruins. — Bartlett. 

376. Flags. The Roman mili- 
tary standards (p. 190) were solid 
figures of metal, but they also 
used banners of silk or other ma- 
terial. 

377. Money-bags, symbolizing 
the enormous fortune accumu- 
lated by Simonides, to be given 
to Ben - Hur. Money meant 
power in ancient times even more 
than now, for there was less of it 
in circulation. 

378. A bit of the ruined walls 
of Antioch, where they run up 
over the mountain that overhangs 
the city. See p. 279. — Bartlett. 

379. " The lion guarded gate." 

380. Small Roman Hanging- 
lamp of bronze. Ancient lamps 
were made in unnumbered varie- 
ty, both of shape and ornament. 

381. The shoulder buckle of 
gold spoken of by the player. 
Drawn from an ancient buckle. 
— Racinet, History of Costume, 
vol. ii. 

382. Heads of Satyrs. Mytho- 
logical beings with the legs of a 
goat and the body of a man, who 
were attendants of Dionysius, the 
God of the Vine. They were usu- 
ally represented with a wine-cup 
in their hand or dancing with 
nymphs. — Diet. Biog., " Saty- 
rus." 

383. Roman Furniture. Can- 
delabra, or lamp-stands to raise 
the light above the level of the 
eye, were made of the most vari- 
ous patterns. Large numbers 
have been found in Roman ruins. 

24 



384. Ancient Dice. It has 
been surmised that the hole in 
the centre was for the purpose of 
loading the die in order to cheat. 
Nobody knows the use of the 
long die, which was probably not 
employed in gaming. Its inscrip- 
tion records that a certain Fruc- 
tus, son of Sixtus, a freed gladia- 
tor, had, on a certain day, beheld 
the games as spectator. The 
three flat disks with figures of 
fish are signs given to procure 
admission to feasts. 

385. A view in the Roman 
Campagna. Mount Soracte in 
the distance. The Campagna, or 
country around Rome, was once 
the garden spot of Italy. It is 
now the most unhealthy place in 
the world, bare of trees and 
given up to solitude and great 
herds of cattle. — Trollope, Italy, 
p. 280. 

386. Roman vessels of various 
kinds, some in silver, from the 
buried treasure found at Bernay, 
in France. 

387. The Doves and Girdle of 
Venus. The doves were sacred 
to Venus and drew her car. The 
cestus, or girdle, was emblematic 
of her power, and made the 
woman who wore it irresistible. 
— Bullfinch, The Age of Fable. 

3S8. View of Ravenna. The 
galleys are imaginary, for Ra- 
venna is no longer a seaport, and 
retains almost no traces of its 
Roman construction previous to 
the fifth century a.d. — Diet. 
Geog. 

389. Figure of Phcebus Apollo 
and the Horses of the Sun, from 
the temple of Athena at Ilion. 
Apollo, the national god of 
Greece, came to be regarded as 



identical with the sun. He drove 3 8 4-39J 
through the heavens in a chariot, 
and made the light of day. — 
Diet. Biog. 

390. Ancient Jars and Cups. 
A sketch made after a German 
painting. 

391. A bust of Silenus, the 
foster-father of Bacchus. He 
was supposed to be a little, fat 
old man with a pug-nose and a 
bald head. When he was caught 
drunk and asleep he could be 
bound with chains of flowers and 
made to prophesy, for lie was 
very wise. — Diet. Biog. 

392. The Ass, Vine Leaves, 
and Thyrsus. Attributes of Sile- 
nus, who was represented riding 
on the ass, crowned with vine 
leaves, and carrying the thyrsus. 
Silenus rode the ass because he 
was supposed to be usually too 
tipsy to walk. — Diet. Biog. 

393. The Grazing Flocks of II- 
derim. A sketch made from a 
picture in Roberts' Palestine. 

394. A group of Palms on the 
banks of the Rosetta branch of 
the Nile. In such a scene the 
Arabs pitched Ilderim's tent in 
the Orchard of Palms. 

395. Oriental Spinning-wheel 
and Distaff. The cloth of a large 
Oriental household was all made 
by the women, the slaves and 
servants working under the direc- 
tion of the mistress. 

396. A Cimeter, or Eastern 
sword. Notice the contrast with 
the Roman weapons, better for 
use than show. 

397. Basin, Ewer, and Napkin 
of the East, presented to guests 
after a meal in order that they 
may wash their hands. The at- 
tendant holds the basin in the left 



338-4 T 7 hand and the ewer in the right, 
and pours water over the hands 
of the guest, who uses the ball 
of soap which rests on the little 
cup in the centre of the basin. 

398. Booth in the bazaar at 
Damascus, with the merchant sit- 
ting within, like Ilderim. An 
Arab of the desert is buying a 
lance. 

399. Fancy sketch of the head 
of Ilderim. After a German study 
of the head of an Arab sheik. 

- . 400, 401. Heads of Arabian 
Horses. After French studies. 

402. Amulets. See p. 186. 

403. The Ivory Tablets shown 
by Ilderim. 

404. An Arabian Bridle. The 
tasselled half - moon is an orna- 
ment to hang on the horse's chest, 
made of cloth and metal. The 
Arab loves his horse, and puts on 
him the most showy saddlery he 
can procure. 

405. The Sestertius was a coin 
of about four cents' value. The 
sestertium was a sum equal to 
one thousand sestertii, or about 
forty dollars. — Diet. Ant. 

406. A Brazier filled with char- 
coal, and used to warm the houses 
of the ancients. Chimneys were 
very rare in ancient times. In 
the Mediterranean countries they 
were not so necessary. But even 
when the Romans went to Brit- 
ain, they seem to have depended 
on braziers for warmth. — Van- 
Lennep, Bible Lands. 

407. An Eastern divan or couch. 

408. Head of a Camel. After a 
sketch. 

409. Small Columns of carved 
and painted wood, from ancient 
Egyptian architecture. The lo- 
tus, of which the Egyptians were 



so fond, is here introduced in a 
variety of forms. — Racinet, Poly- 
chrome Ornament. 

410. Eastern cooking Utensils, 
made of copper. The ancients 
had developed the art of cooking 
to a great height ; and in the 
houses of the rich, especially rich 
Romans, an almost incredible ex- 
travagance and care was lavished 
on the table. The Arab cuisine, 
as befitted a nomad nation, was 
of course simpler. — Diet. Ant., 
" Ccena." 

411. An Arab Pestle and Mor- 
tar, in which they pound the grain 
fine after it is ground by the 
hand-mill, for which see p. 153. 

412. Sketch of a Sewing Wom- 
an, from a picture by Lefebre. 

413. Bric-a-brac, and wall 
plaster. 

414. Another specimen of an 
Eastern Cimeter. This is an As- 
syrian model. 

415. Supposed restoration of 
one of the two pillars in the tem- 
ple of Solomon, called Jachin and 
Boaz. — I. Kings, yii. 15, 22. 

416. Roman Milestone. Noth- 
ing displays the practical ability 
of the Roman so clearly as his 
roads. They led out in all di- 
rections from Rome, and some of 
them lasted a thousand years with- 
out important repairs. Milestones 
marked the distances from the 
gate of the city. — Diet. Ant., 
"Via." 

417. A restoration of the an- 
cient Druidic temple of Stone- 
henge, in England. This temple, 
consisting of enormous blocks of 
rough stone, is now ruined, but 
the general plan of the edifice can 
be seen from the position of the 
remains. It was used for the 



26 



Druidic worship, which included 
human sacrifice. — Higgins, Celtic 
Druids. 

418. Tripod, used as an altar. 
The tripod was used as an altar 
because it could be easily carried 
from place to place. To increase 
portability, tripods were often 
made with folding legs. This use 
suggested the shape for heavier 
and stationary altars, like the one 
sketched here. — Diet. Ant. /'Tri- 
pos." 

419. Weapons emblematic of 
war. The branches are of oak, 
which was used in making the 
Corona Civica. This prize was 
awarded to the soldier who saved 
the life of a Roman citizen in 
battle, slew his opponent, and 
held the ground of combat. It 
was a very high military honor. — 
Diet. Ant., "Corona." 

420. View of Tovrah, on the 
Nile. From the cliffs behind 
were quarried the stones to build 
the Pyramids — most characteris- 
tic of the monuments of ancient 
Egypt. Enormous halls and pas- 
sages exist, hewn into the face of 
the cliff by the quarrymen of Pha- 
raoh ; and many Egyptian archi- 
tects have left their fame to in- 
scriptions here, distrusting, wisely, 
the immortality of even the most 
massive buildings. 

421. A Pasture Field contain- 
ing ancient olive-trees, near Beth- 
lehem. Olive-trees are so valuable 
and so permanent a possession in 
Palestine that they are often sold 
apart from the field in which they 
stand, so much ground being by 
law attached to each olive-tree. 

422. The Trumpets of the Gos- 
pel (glad tidings) and the letters 
I. H. S., the initials of "Jesus 



Hominum Salvator " ( Jesus 4i8-43 
Saviour of men). — Hulme, Sym- 
bolism in Christian Art. 

423. Lamb among Dragons, 
symbolizing the gentleness of 
Christ among the kingdoms of 
the world. 

425. The Valley of the Jordan, 
near the point to which tradition 
points as the place where our 
Lord was baptized by John. 

426. A group of Bulrushes, 
characteristic of the banks of the 
Nile. 

427. View in Jerusalem. The 
dome is that of the Mohammedan 
mosque, called El Aksa. On the 
right is the Mount of Olives. — 
Guerin, La Terre Sainte, p. 43. 

428. Figure of the Prophet, af- 
ter Raphael's celebrated fresco. 

429. The Throne and Mantle 
of Caesar. The paludamentum, 
white or purple in color, was origi- 
nally the cloak of a commander- 
in-chief of an army of the Repub- 
lic and his staff. Afterwards it 
became one of the insignia of the 
Emperor, as military head of the 
empire. — Diet. Ant., "Paluda- 
mentum." 

430. A view on the Nile. 

431. Nightingales. The song 
of the nightingale is the most 
beautiful of all the birds of the 
Old World. Our mocking-bird 
has a similar habit of nocturnal 
song which is shared by a num- 
ber of birds, whose notes, less 
varied and noticeable, attract less 
attention. 

432. A Hand grasping a Sword, 
emblematic of revolution. 

433. Design symbolic of Liber- 
ty. The bundle of rods and axes 
of the lictors, who attended the 
consuls in the days when those 



t34~4 62 elective magistrates represented 
freedom under law. The fasces 
are crowned by the cap of liber- 
ty. — Diet. Ant, "Fasces." 

434. A supposed restoration of 
Jerusalem, as it was at the time of 
our story. The two large build- 
ings in the centre are the Temple 
of Herod and the fortress of An- 
tonia. — Potter, Bible Encyc. , p. 
982. 

435. Butterflies. The butter- 
fly is an emblem of immortality, 
for, after the sleep of the cater- 
pillar in the cocoon, it bursts 
forth into life in a new and more 
beautiful form. Pysche, who in 
the Greek myth typifies the soul 
purified by passion, is represented 
as a maiden with the wings of a 
butterfly.— Diet. Myth. 

436. I. N. R. I. Initial letters 
of the Latin inscription on the 
cross of Christ, Jesus Nazarenus 
Rex Judaeorum. I and J are the 
same letter. 

437. Lotus, sacred flower of 
the Nile and Ganges. Hindoo 
fable said that Brahma was born 
of a lotus. There are several 
varieties of this flower, and there 
is much discussion as to which 
was the sacred one to the Egyp- 
tians. The lotus grows in this 
country as far north as Long 
Island, and can be seen in the 
fountains of several New York 
parks. Near Burlington, New 
Jersey, a large pond of several 
acres is covered with it. — Good- 
year, Grammar of the Lotus. 

438. Emblematic tail-piece. 
Cupid weighing two passions. On 
the arabesque are the doves of 
Venus. See p. 387. 

455. The Vase and Grapes, asso- 
ciated with the worship of Bacchus. 



456. A Head of Midas, with the 
Harp, symbol of Apollo. Midas 
was a fabled king of Phrygia, who 
was appointed one of the judges 
in a musical contest between 
Apollo and Pan. The judges 
crowned Apollo, but Midas dis- 
sented. In punishment he was 
given the ears of an ass. There 
is an amusing story of his serv- 
ants' vain attempt to keep the 
secret. — Diet. Biog., "Midas." 

457. The Skull and Scythe of 
Death, the Handcuff and the This- 
tle — bitter fare of slavery. 

458. One of the Oceanides, or 
ancient mermaids, the female 
equivalent of the Tritons. See p. 
268. These nymphs of the sea 
were the fabled daughters of 
Oceanus and Tethys. They at- 
tended Amphitrite, the wife of 
Poseidon or Neptune, who was 
one of them. There were said 
to be 3000 Oceanides. — Diet. 
Biog. 

459. The Owl, bird of Miner- 
va, Goddess of Wisdom. In his 
claws he grasps the caduceus of 
Mercury, God of Craft and Diplo- 
macy. 

460. Wings, a Horse's Head, 
a Ship under sail and oars, the 
Scrolls of a messenger — all signi- 
fying despatch. 

461. Arab Bridle and Neck 
Rein. Many of the Arabs ride 
with very severe curb bits, with 
which they rein their horses up 
suddenly when going at full speed. 

462. Star Pattern from Sara- 
cen mosaic work. The Arabs, 
unified by the teaching of Mo- 
hammed in the seventh century, 
built up a magnificent and most 
characteristic art, learning, and 
civilization. 



463. An Arabian Horse. 

464. An ancient Bit. 

465. Swallows on the wing. 

466. A Sealed Package contain- 
ing a letter, either a writing tab- 
let (see p. 214), or sheets of papy- 
rus. The Seal Ring hangs below 
(see p. 200). A man's seal was as 
familiar to his friends in ancient 
times as his signature is now. 

467. Ancient Buckle of a gir- 
dle. The girdle played a very 
important part in Eastern cos- 
tume, and in the case of rich or 
influential men was often deco- 
rated by fastenings of gold set 
with jewels. 

468. The heads of the Four. 

469. The Wheel of Messala's 
chariot. Drawn after the descrip- 
tion on p. 333. 

470. The Shepherd's Staff, 
Sheep Bells, and Ram's Head, 
symbols of pastoral life. 

471. Decorative. 

472. Love sailing the shallop of 
pleasure. 

473. Aquatic Plants and a Tur- 
tle. Suggesting spring and a river 
voyage. 

474. Water-lilies and Dragon- 
flies. Familiar sights to those who 
drift down the stream of some 
beautiful river. 

475. A branch from the Egyp- 
tian rose-tree. 

476. A view in Alexandria. 
The obelisk is one of two falsely 
called Cleopatra's needles. The 
companion was taken from the 
bank where it lay to London, and 
this one has since been brought 
to New York and set up in Cen- 
tral Park. The carving on it was 
once inlaid with silver gilt, and it 
was dedicated to the Sun God, 
whose beams made it gleam glori- 



ously. It was set up long before 4 6 3-4 8 3 
the age of Cleopatra. — Ebers, Pict- 
uresque Egypt, vol. i., p. 23. 

477. A Burmese ornament 
from a monastery. — Owen Jones, 
Grammar of Ornament. 

478. One of two colossal stat- 
ues, representing Rameses II. and 
his queen, which stand in front of 
the temple of Aboo Simbel, near 
the second cataract of the Nile. 
This temple, with its many cham- 
bers and elaborate fa5ade, was 
hewn out of the solid rock of a 
sandstone cliff. — Ebers, Pictur- 
esque Egypt, vol. ii., p. 284. 

479. View near Karnak, one of 
the Arab villages situated among 
the ruins of ancient Thebes, on 
the Nile. Thebes was of enor- 
mous size. Homer says that it 
had a hundred gates through 
which two hundred chariots could 
pass abreast. — Diet. Geog. 

480. A Gateway in the temple 
of Isis, on the Island of Philae, in 
the Nile (see p. 48). It has been 
called the most pleasing of all the 
great temples of Egpyt. — Ebers, 
Picturesque Egypt, vol. ii. ,p. 363. 

481. An Egyptian ornament, 
representing lotus growing in the 
Nile. The Egyptians, in their 
ornaments, did not imitate liv- 
ing objects, but conventionalized 
them — that is, expressed the law 
of their growth in geometrical 
forms. — Owen Jones, Grammar 
of Ornament. 

482. An Egyptian ornament, 
representing a boat made of pa- 
pyrus stalks bound together. 

483. An Egyptian ornament, 
representing a royal head-dress. 
The asps at the side were the 
emblem of royalty. — Owen Jones, 
Grammar of Ornament. 



484-498 4§4- Disk and Vulture's 
Wings. A symbolic ornament of 
the ancient Egyptians, which is 
supposed, like the chariot of Phoe- 
bus Apollo (p. 389), to have rep- 
resented the sun passing through 
the heavens. — Wilkinson, An- 
cient Egyptians. 

485. An ornament, composed 
of two crossed steering oars and a 
decoration taken from the walls 
of a tomb. On the blades of the 
paddles are the favorite lotus and 
the eye, symbol of Osiris, the 
most important of Egyptian di- 
vinities. — Owen Jones, Grammar 
of Ornament. 

486. Top of a Sarcophagus (p. 
853), or Egyptian tomb, in which 
the wooden mummy coffin was 
laid. They were made of stone, 
but sometimes of earthen-ware. 
The better ones are magnificent 
pieces of polished stone. — Wil- 
kinson, Ancient Egyptians, vol. 
iii., p. 489. 

487. A highly decorated Ara- 
bian Saddle. From a painting 
by Fromentin. 

488. An Arab Horse and Rid- 
er. It is difficult for us to un- 
derstand the honor given to a 
well-bred horse by an Arab. A 
Mameluke sultan of ancient 
times is said to have paid more 
than two millions of dollars for 
a single animal of distinguished 
beauty. 

489. Arabian Arms. The mod- 
ern Arabs carry fire-arms, but the 
ancient desert dwellers used bows, 
whose form was like that of the 
Egyptian and Assyrian bows. — 
Weiss, History of Costume. 

490. A conventionalized bor- 
der of the familiar flowers called 
"Love Lies Bleeding," from their 



fancied resemblance to a bleed- 
ing heart. 

491. The Anchor, signifying 
hope, and the Oak Branch, signi- 
fying strength. 

492. A group of Palms, char- 
acteristic of the East. This tree, 
always honored in the East, re- 
ceived special honor from Mo- 
hammed. He said: " Honor the 
palm, for it is your mother's 
sister. On the stony soil of the 
desert it offers you a fruitful 
source of sustenance." 

493. The Spear is the charac- 
teristic weapon of the Arab. In 
modern times the shaft is from 
eight to twelve feet long. — Weiss, 
History of Costume. 

494. A figure of War, armed 
with the scythe of Death. The 
symbol of a charging horseman to 
typify destruction is very old. 
See Revelation, chap. ix. The 
Northern mythology represented 
women called Valkyries riding 
over the silent battle-field to call 
the souls of the heroes to Para- 
dise. 

495. A Ruined Castle on the 
road between Antioch and Bei- 
lan. See p. 277. It was proba- 
bly built by a Crusader. In 
such a pass as this the emissaries 
of Ilderim would lay their ambus- 
cade. 

496. A Trophy, consisting of 
the arms of a vanquished enemy, 
such as were set up by conquer- 
ors as votive offerings in the tem- 
ples. Symbolizing here the mili- 
tary art. 

497. A Snake coiled round a 
scroll. Symbolizing the treacher- 
ous letter of Messala to Gratus. 

498. A figure representing Evil 
Fortune riding on the wheel of 



30 



chance. She is blind, with the 
sword raised to strike, and holds 
in her hand the unused balances. 

499. Bees gathering honey. 

500. Assyrian Chair of state. 
Most Assyrian furniture rested 
on bases designed to protect the 
carved feet from insects. Here 
these are given the form of pine- 
cones of metal. Such a chair 
would not be used by a Jew, be- 
cause of the presence of human 
figures in its ornamentation. He 
was forbidden to make these. 

501. A Grecian Chariot. The 
characteristic differences between 
this model and the Roman can be 
seen at a glance by referring to 
P- 327. 

502. The City Gate of Anti- 
och, as seen from the west. 

- 503. A Grecian Lamp-stand. 
From Falke's Greece and Rome. 
These were favorite articles of 
furniture among the Greeks and 
Romans, and were made of all 
metals and in a great variety of 
patterns. See p. 383. 

504. A fancy sketch of the 
Head of Simonides, with sunken 
cheeks and deep marks of pain 
between his eyes. 

505. The raising of the chairs 
by bases (p. 500) made footstools 
very necessary, and they were 
doubtless to be found in all As- 
syrian houses of the better class. 
The Jews, after the Restoration, 
must have used Assyrian archi- 
tecture, and followed Assyrian 
customs to a considerable extent. 

506. Ancient Writing Materi- 
als. Sheets of parchment and 
quills. 

507. A Coat of Arms, with the 
Sun of Prosperity and Scales of 
Probity, typical of Simonides. 



508. The Cornucopia of Pros- 499~5 I 7 
perity, and the Bees, symbolizing 
industry. 

509. The Seal with which Ben- 
Hur would have sealed his prop- 
erty to Simonides. 

510. A chained Cupid. De- 
sign symbolizing the story of Si- 
monides' slavery. 

511. A conjectural restoration 
of the brass Altar of Burnt-offer- 
ing in Solomon's temple, as it is 
described in II. Chronicles, iv. 1. 
Taken from Potter's Bible Ency- 
clopaedia, vol. i., p. 97. 

512. Wine and Bread. 

513. The mingling rivers of 
the two lives of Ben-Hur and Si- 
monides flowing together. A 
nymph pouring water from an 
urn was a favorite ancient sym- 
bol of a spring or river. 

514. A Loom. The ancient 
looms were worked by hand, and 
lacked many of the great im- 
provements of modern invention ; 
but the ancient workmen seem to 
have been able to weave the most 
delicate fabrics and the richest 
patterns. — Diet. Ant., " Tela." 

515. Looking down into the 
valley of Gihon, from the north- 
east angle of the city wall of Je- 
rusalem. 

516. Present appearance of 
Tyre, once the richest city of 
Phoenicia. It was built both on 
the main-land and neighboring lit- 
tle islands. Three hundred years 
before our story Alexander exter- 
minated its inhabitants and re- 
colonized it. Though far sur- 
passed by Alexandria, it was, at 
the time of our story, once more 
a powerful commercial city. — 
Diet. Geog. , "Tyre." 

517. Jewish Lamps, for burn- 



518-532 ing fine olive oil. The lesser band of gold for the head. Prob- 

lights of the prophets surrounding ably used as the band for the 

the Light of the World. high cap or turban. An Assyrian 

518. The Assyrian god Nergal. Fan made of plumes, with a gold 
He was god of the planet Mars, handle. 

and was the " Master of Bat- 524. The Oak (see p. 419), 

ties " and "God of the Chase." Shields, Quivers, Lion's-skin, and 

He was worshipped under the fig- Chains — symbols of slavery and 

ure of a lion. — Lenormant, An- war. 
cient History of the East. 525. A Battle-axe. 

519. View on the road from 526. Rock Tombs in the valley 
Jerusalem to Bethlehem. — Thorn- of Jehoshaphat, near Jerusalem, 
son, Central Palestine. known as the tombs of Zacharias 

520. A Roman Legionary in and St. James. The pyramidal 
full equipment, but with his bur- one is assigned to Zacharias. 
dens off, and ready for battle. Both are hewn out of the solid 
Ben-Hur did right to tremble at rock. — Thomson, Jerusalem, 
that vision. Roman system, dis- 527. An ornamental design re- 
cipline, and skill were more than ferring to the text. Above and 
a match for Jewish numbers. below are the gates and grapes of 

521. Fountain of Job, called the villa at Misenum. In the 
also the Well of Nehemiah, and centre the robber-bird of Rome, 
the Well of Fire. The last two 528. Ruins of Ostia, an an- 
names come from the tradition cient city at the mouth of the 
that Nehemiah recovered the sa- Tiber, which was the port of 
cred fire for the temple out of the Rome. The alluvial deposits of 
depths of this well on his return the river destroyed its harbor, 
from the Captivity. One name is never very good, and, soon after 
just as good as the others, for none the time of our story, the Em- 
have any historical foundation. — peror Claudius made a new har- 
Thomson, Jerusalem. bor two miles to the north. But 

522. Ruins of the Aurelian Wall Ostia continued a flourishing 
at Rome. In the middle of the town until the great barbarian 
third century the empire was invasion in the fifth century. — 
threatened with destruction. The Diet. Geog. ," Ostia." 

Goths killed one emperor in bat- 529. The Galley carrying the 

tie, and, ten years later, the Per- messenger of Simonides to Rome, 

sians captured another. From See pp. 230, 240, 243, and 258. 
these dangers Rome was rescued 530. Rome as the monster of 

by five great fighting emperors, Esther's vision, 
of whom Aurelian was the sec- 531. The Fountain of the Tri- 

ond. To provide against inva- ton, in the Place Barberini, in 

sion he began a new wall around Rome. This fountain was made 

Rome, which was finished by his in modern times, but it repro- 

successor, Probus. — Roman His- duces the forms of Roman sculpt- 

tory. ure. 

523. An Assyrian Diadem, or 532. The poisoned Cup and 



Dagger of the hired bravo. As- 
sassination, both by dagger and 
poison, was common enough in 
the society of the time, and Ben- 
Hur knew only too well the dan- 
ger of which he spoke. 

533. Temple of Vesta, at Tiv- 
oli, the ancient Tibur, a town 
about twenty miles from Rome. 
The beauty of the neighborhood 
made the country around Tibur 
a favorite locality for the erection 
of villas by wealthy Romans. — 
Diet. Geog. 

534. A Caravan, or company 
of desert travellers, associated to- 
gether for mutual protection and 
help. 

535. A flight of Storks. These 
birds are laughably unwieldy in 
appearance, but they make their 
long flights with swiftness and 
security, like the caravan of II- 
derim. 

536. 537- Borders of Ribbons 
and Coins. The colors and the 
wagers by which the public 
showed their choice of favorites 
among the racers. The public 
excitement over races rose to an 
almost inconceivable height. The 
wearers of rival colors fought in 
the streets ; and then, as now, 
vast sums changed hands in wag- . 
ers on the races. 

538. The winged Wheel of 
Speed crushing the writhing Ser- 
pent of Treachery. 

539. The Crown of Laurel and 
the Bag of Money — prizes of the 
great contest. 

540. A Groom bringing a Four 
to be harnessed. From an ancient 
engraved gem. 

541. The Wine -pitcher, the 
Vine, the Cymbal, and Pipe of 
the dancing Bacchantes — sym- 



bols of Bacchus. The Laurel and 533-550 
Lyre — symbols of Apollo. See 
pp. 311, 314, and 324. 

542. Dice and Ribbons, sym- 
bolic of the two chief passions for 
gambling and partisanship to 
which ancient racing appealed. 

543. Ornamental border. After 
ancient stone carving. 

544. A view of the ruins of 
Antioch. 

545. Roman Couch. The Ro- 
mans used couches more than 
chairs ; they usually ate, read, 
and conversed reclining; they re- 
clined on a couch also to write, 
resting the tablet against the 
raised knee. — Diet. Ant., " Lec- 
tica " (end of article). 

546. A Bulla, or Roman amu- 
let, hung around the neck. It 
was at first used only by boys of 
the nobility. Afterwards bullae 
were worn by men, and some- 
times were even put on horses. 
This one, now in the British Mu- 
seum, is of solid gold, and bears 
the name " Catullus." It is sup- 
posed to be a bulla worn in a 
triumph. — Diet. Ant., "Bulla." 

547. Scales and Weights. By 
showing one coin moved well out 
on the graduated beam the artist 
has balanced it against six — six to 
one on Messala. 

548. Ancient Egyptian Box. 
The Egyptian cabinet - makers 
possessed great skill in the manu- 
facture of boxes. The curved top 
of this one is in imitation of the 
summit of a royal canopy. The 
sides of such boxes were inlaid 
or painted. — Wilkinson, Ancient 
Egyptians, vol. ii., p. 198. 

549. Ancient Writing Imple- 
ments. 

550. A figure of Victory hold- 



55 I- 5 6 4 ing a Crown. The ancients were 
fond of representing Victory with 
wings. The Poppies symbolize the 
sound sleep of Ben-Hur. 

551. The imperial Loge of the 
circus of Caracalla. It was con- 
nected with the royal palace from 
which the Emperor could pass at 
once to his place. All circuses 
had some such decorated portico 
under which the Emperor, or the 
editor (i.e., the presiding officer 
of the games), sat. — Bianconi. 

552. Roman Sundial. The Ro- 
mans used sundials and water- 
clocks to measure time. Of the 
former there were two kinds : the 
gnomon, or simple staff, the length 
of whose shadow indicated the 
hours ; and the polos, a curved 
basin marked with lines, on which 
fell the shadow of a gnomon. — 
Diet. Ant., " Horologium." 

553. Wrought-iron work of the 
seventeenth century in the Church 
of St. Maria degli Angeli, at 
Rome. — Digby Wyatt, Metal 
Work. 

554. At each extremity of the 
spina, or low wall around which 
the chariots ran, were set up goal- 
posts, three in number; they were 
usually of wood, but those at An- 
tioch were, according to our au- 
thor, of stone; they were conical, 
like cypress-trees. These are 
copied from a marble relief in 
the British Museum. — Diet. Ant, 
" Circus." 

555. Ancient Musical Instru- 
ments. The primitive wind-in- 
struments would seem to have 
been made of reeds or horns. 
When metal and wood were used, 
it was natural that the same gen- 
eral shapes should be retained, 
modified for use or beauty. 



556. The ancient Romans were 
very fond of roses ; they wove 
them into wreaths and garlands, 
and decorated their buildings and 
persons w T ith them on all public 
occasions. It was usual to wear 
chaplets of roses, or other flowers, 
as indicating the service of the 
god in whose honor the games 
were celebrated. 

557. Heavy triumphal Chariot 
made of wood, covered with plates 
of metal, according to a Greek 
pattern. — Racinet, History of 
Costume. 

558. Ancient Chain of Harness 
and Ornament for the breast of a 
horse. 

559. Wrestlers and Wreaths 
which were given to the victors. 

560. A group representing the 
Emperor as a spectator of a char- 
iot race. From Wagner's great 
picture, entitled "A Chariot Race 
in the Circus Maximus." 

561. Etruscan jewelled Fan. 
Etruria was an ancient state of 
Italy finally conquered by Rome. 
The Etruscans excelled in work- 
ing the precious metals, and man- 
ufactured exquisite jewelry and 
articles of luxury. 

562. A sketch of Horses' Heads 
made from a photograph. 

563. Balls and Dolphins were 
used to mark the turns made by 
the racers, as described in the 
text. The dolphin was sacred to 
Neptune, who was said to have 
created the horse in his contest 
with Minerva. The egg-shaped 
ball of the other end was a sym- 
bol of Castor and Pollux fabled 
to have been hatched from an egg, 
and presiding divinities of ath- 
letics. — Diet. Ant. and Biog. 

564. A Mounted Attendant. A 



sketch made from a detail of the 
picture of the " Chariot Race," by 
Gerome. 

565. A restoration of the Stalls, 
or carceres, of the great circus of 
Caracalla, at Rome. Caracalla 
began his reign by assassinating 
his brother Geta in the arms of 
his mother, and is said to have 
massacred twenty thousand per- 
sons to secure his power. Pur- 
sued by remorse, he plunged into 
extravagance, and squandered 
enormous sums on buildings and 
games. He finally died by an 
assassin's hand. — Diet. Biog. 

566. A group of Spectators. 
Taken from Boulanger's picture, 
" The Appian Way." 

567. Horse's Head. From an 
ancient bronze. 

568. An Attendant. A detail 
of Wagner's "Chariot Race in the 
Circus Maximus." 

569. An ancient Etruscan Char- 
iot, made of metal. 

570. The contestants in the 
chariot races usually wore round- 
ed helmets — another allusion to 
the egg of Castor and Pollux. See 
Pj 5°3- — Diet. Biog., "Dioscuri." 

571. A bass-relief (representing 
a chariot race) found at Lyons, 
in France, in 1875. In the cen- 
tre are the three goals, or turning- 
points. See p. 554. 

572. Head of an Assyrian 
Horse, harnessed for war. The 
Assyrians of distinguished birth 
fought in chariots or from horse- 
back, seldom on foot. — Lenor- 
mant, Ancient History of the 
East. 

573. A Racing- whip. 

574. An ancient Horse-muzzle 
of bronze, now in the collection 
of the Louvre, at Paris. It was 



found in south Italy. — Darem- 5 6 5~5 8 5 
berg, Diet. Ant. 

575. Another group of Specta- 
tors. Taken from Wagner's 
" Chariot Race." 

576. Triumphal Gate of the 
great circus of Caracalla, at 
Rome. Through this gate the 
victors in the race probably 
passed. The gate is in ruins, 
but this restoration of it by a 
learned archaeologist is probably 
correct. 

577. A Chariot and Four. From 
an ancient cameo in a French 
cabinet. 

578. Two Chariots. From Wag- 
ner's " Chariot Race." 

579. A brazen votive Altar, on 
which Messala would have sacri- 
ficed to the gods. — Hope, Illus- 
trations of Ancient Art. 

580. A sketch made after Ge- 
rome's " Chariot Race." 

581. The Trumpets which pro- 
claimed the victory, and the 
Wreaths of bay with which the 
victor was crowned. 

582. Triumphal Gate of the 
circus of Caracalla (see pp. 565 
and 576), seen from the outside. 

583. An ancient Sword. 

584. Ancient Surgical Instru- 
ments. Among the Romans the 
art of surgery, supposed to have 
been founded by Hippocrates in 
the fourth century B.C., was well 
developed. Many of their opera- 
tions continued to be performed 
unchanged up to the sixteenth 
century. Their practice was, 
however, fundamentally wrong, 
because of their ignorance of 
anatomy. — Diet. Ant., " Chirur- 
gia." 

585. Ruins of Palmyra, a city 
built by Solomon. It was a des- 



35 



586-600 ert city, which became rich by 
the caravans carrying the trade 
from the East to the Mediterra- 
nean. It was destroyed by the 
Emperor Aurelian more than two 
centuries after our story, and nev- 
er recovered from that destruc- 
tion. — Diet. Geog. 

586. The Gate of Antioch, 
called " The Iron." 

587. The most characteristic 
features of Grecian buildings were 
the pillared porticos. The one 
here shown is of the Ionic order. 

588. A specimen of the mo- 
saic of which, the floors of the 
better Roman houses were made. 
A deep bed of mortar was first 
laid, and then small pieces of 
marble tile or glass were set in 
fine cement to form the pattern. 
The favorite colors were red, 
black, and white. — Diet. Ant., 
" Domus." 

589. An Etruscan Vase. See 
p. 561. 

590. Sketch of an ancient 
Chandelier found at Naples. It 
has three hanging-lamps, each or- 
namented with two heads. These 
represented on one, dogs ; on the 
next, eagles ; and on the last, 
dolphins. They symbolize the 
three greater divinities, Pluto, 
Jove, and Neptune, gods of the 
lower regions, the air, the earth, 
and sea. 

591. A Roman Key in bronze, 
drawn after a specimen formerly 
in the cabinet of M. Montfaucon. 

592. Roman Mural Painting. 
The walls of large Roman 
houses were generally decorated 
with painting. — Racinet, " Poly- 
chrome Ornament." 

593. A Pillar of that latest 
style of Greek architecture known 



36 



as Corinthian. It was elaborate 
and costly, and it therefore be- 
came the favorite style of the 
Romans. 

594. An ancient Candlestick. 

595. A bronze Bisellium, found 
at Pompeii. The bisellium was 
a chair large enough to seat two 
people, and of a peculiar form. 
The right to use such a seat at 
public games was a mark of dis- 
tinction, granted by the magis- 
trates or by public vote. — Diet. 
Ant., "Sella." 

596. Mosaic Pattern. See p. 
588. The Romans were very fond 
of this kind of ornament. Even 
on the Gallic campaigns Caesar's 
tent was floored with mosaic. 

597. An ancient Bench, found 
in Rome. 

598. The celebrated statue 
known as " The Borghese Boxer." 
In ancient boxing the right arm 
was used for striking, the left for 
guarding, and closing was forbid- 
den. The heaviest blows were 
not straight from the shoulder, 
but round arm. A beaten boxer 
was a man with a broken ear, not 
a man with a broken nose. The 
contests often ended in death. — 
Diet. Ant., " Pugilatus." 

599. A Greek border. These 
Greek borders, unlike most of our 
modern so-called fresco, which .is 
done with the aid of a stencil, 
were executed free-hand, with a 
result so good that only our best 
artists could imitate the handi- 
work of the ordinary workmen of 
Greece. — Owen Jones, Grammar 
of Ornament. 

600. The Hammer of Thor, 
chief divinity of the Norsemen. 
From this mallet or hammer 
flashed the lightning. Norsemen 



made the sign of the hammer 
when they took a vow, as at a 
marriage. — Books on Mythology. 

6or. The dead young Gladia- 
tor, killed by the blow of Ben- 
Hur. 

602. The Mask of Death, up- 
held by two griffins, fabled ani- 
mals of Norse mythology. Above 
the shield rises the hand of a box- 
er bound with the cestus, or an- 
cient boxing-glove. This con- 
sisted of heavy strips of rawhide 
weighted with lead. — Diet. Ant., 
"Cestus." 

605. The Golden Gate of Jeru- 
salem-, near the site of the tem- 
ple. This name was given to it 
by the Crusaders. It has been 
walled up for centuries. The 
architecture shows that it was 
built by the Romans. — Thomson, 
Southern Palestine, p. 503. 

606. A Roman Standard. The 
earliest Roman standards were 
simple bunches of dried grass ; 
hence, later, the human hand was 
placed on their standards. The 
spear-head at the end w T as to aid 
the standard-bearer in defending 
the standard in desperate conflict. 
To lose a standard was an un- 
bearable disgrace. 

607. A Sword from the Col- 
umn of Trajan, at Rome. This 
column, raised to celebrate the 
victories of Trajan, is a perfect 
dictionary of military antiquities, 
for its sculptures present all im- 
plements and scenes of military 
life. 

608. A bunch of Roman Keys. 
Drawn from specimens in various 
cabinets. 

609. The Roman Eagle. A 
drawing made after a bass-relief 
found vn the Forum of Julius, at 



Rome, and removed to one of the 601-61 
churches. 

610. A Roman Lantern. 
Drawn after a bronze lantern 
found in the ruins of Herculane- 
um. — Potter's Bible Encyclopae- 
dia. 

611. A Portable Chair, prob- 
ably for the use of an officer on a 
campaign. Contrary to the an- 
cient custom, the officers of the 
time of the empire lived very lux- 
uriously in camp, and carried a 
large equipage. See p. 183. 

612. 613. A border of Chains 
and the edges of a Prison Door 
mounted with ancient hinges and 
locks. Taken from plates in Wil- 
kinson's Ancient Egyptians and 
Potter's Dictionary of the Bible. 

614. Ancient Bathing Utensils 
of bronze and pottery. The 
curved tool like a little sickle is a 
strigil. It was vised to scrape the 
skin before it was oiled, after 
bathing. — Diet. Ant., "Balneae." 

615. The Gate of the Citadel 
of Jerusalem. 

' 616. A figure representing 
Death. 

617. An imperial Jewel-chest. 

618. Two playing Cupids, 
signifying pleasure and affection. 

619. The celebrated statue of 
Niobe and her youngest daugh- 
ter. Niobe was a queen of 
Thebes, mother of many sons and 
daughters, who boasted of her 
family, as larger and more beau- 
tiful than that of Latona. Where- 
upon Diana and Apollo, Latona's 
children, slew the sons and daugh- 
ters of Niobe. Niobe was said' 
to have turned to stone from 
grief. In 1583 this group and 
fourteen other figures, represent- 
ing the dying children, were 



found in Rome. — Diet. Biog., 

" Niobe." 

620. Another view of the Cita- 
del of Jerusalem. 

621. The Cherubs of modern 
art. 

622. A Trumpet, made of a 
ram's horn. Trumpets, made of 
the horns of bullocks or rams, 
were used by the ancient He- 
brews to announce the Year of 
Jubilee, and also in war. 

623. Part of the site of the 
Temple, now a Mohammedan 
mosque. The ornamented struct- 
ure to the right is a beautiful 
marble pulpit, built in the end of 
the eighth century. It is used 
for preaching during the great 
fast of the Ramadan. — Thom- 
son's Southern Palestine, p. 494. 

624. Swallows. 

625. A Torch and Digging 
Tools. 

626. The so-called Apple of 
Sodom, which grows through all 
Eastern Asia on the dwarf oaks. 
They are brownish-red or yellow, 
and covered with a kind of glue, 
which makes them look bright and 
attractive. But they are spongy 
within and filled with dust. — Van- 
Lennep, Bible Lands. 

627. A figure representing Pes- 
tilence holding the scourge and 
the vase of the wrath of God. 
See Revelation, chap. xv. 

628. A Serpent and a Skull — 
infection and death. 

629. Three Circles, represent- 
ing the three members of the 
House of Hur ; and an Anchor, 
signifying the hope of their final 
union. 

630. A Thorn Branch, em- 
blematic of the hard way of the 
two women. 



33 



631. Ancient Jewish Pottery. 
The potter's art is one of the 
most ancient in the world. The 
Jews used earthen-ware vessels 
very largely, and the process of 
manufacture has remained un- 
changed from the time of Moses 
to the present day. — Smith, " Pot- 
tery." 

632. A Street in Jerusalem. A 
sketch made from a photograph. 

633. A view of Jerusalem tak- 
en from the Mount of Olives. 

634. An old Olive-tree. The 
olive grows to a great age. Tra- 
dition asserts that certain trees in 
Italy date back to the foundation 
of the Roman empire, and are as 
old as our era. This is more than 
doubtful. But one tree, now 
twenty feet in diameter, is be- 
lieved to be seven hundred years 
old. — Encyc. 

635. A representation of the 
Tent of the Tabernacle, the outer 
covering of the Ark of the Cove- 
nant during the wandering in 
the wilderness. Exodus, xxxvi. 
Sketch made from a cut in Pot- 
ter's Bible Encyc, vol. iii.,p. 1590. 

636. The Mosque of Omar, 
which occupies the site of the 
temple. It is said to be the most 
beautiful of Arab buildings, and 
is one of the three sacred shrines 
of Mohammedanism, the others 
being Mecca and Medina. 

637. A small Sundial of the 
simplest kind. The gnomon is 
here plainly seen. See p. 552. 

639. A latticed Window. Drawn 
from a photograph. Owing to the 
great heat, glass is not practicable 
for windows in the East ; they 
are therefore filled with lattice- 
work which admits air but ex- 
cludes light and heat. 



640. The village of Kefr-Sil- 
wan, orSiloam. A wretched strag- 
gling village extending for half a 
mile along the base of the Mount 
of Offence, near Jerusalem. — 
Thomson, Central Palestine, p. 8. 

641. The ruined Reservoir just 
outside one of the gates of Jeru- 
salem, called by tradition the 
Pool of Bethesda. There is no 
especial reason to believe that it 
is the Pool of Bethesda. It was 
doubtless a reservoir to supply 
the Roman garrison in time of 
siege, and was within the lines of 
the ancient citadel. — Thomson, 
Southern Palestine, p. 508. 

642. The placard affixed to the 
empty palace of the Hurs by the 
procurator, who used the author- 
ity of the Emperor to steal the 
estate of the Hurs, which he con- 
fiscated in the imperial name. 
The Latin is " Hoc Edificium est 
imperator" (This building be- 
longs to the Emperor). 

643. A sketch of Mount Olivet. 
Made from a photograph. The 
road which is shown winding over* 
the shoulder of the hill leads to 
Bethany. 

644. A restoration of a Jewish 
Tomb. After a drawing by Cas- 
sas, a French archaeologist, who 
visited Syria in the last century. 
— Perrot and Chipiez. 

645. A sketch of an Eastern 
Beggar. 

646. Doorway of an Eastern 
house. A sketch made from a 
photograph. 

647. A pair of Roman Sandals 
with a wooden sole, and a leather 
strap which was passed over the 
foot and through the three loops 
to fasten the sandal. 

648. Oriental Baskets. The 



flat ones were probably the kind 640-656 
that the chief baker of Pharaoh 
carried on his head. Genesis, xl. 
16. The long round basket is a 
storing basket, such as is referred 
to in Deuteronomy, xxviii. 5, 17, 
where it says, "Cursed shall be 
thy basket and thy store." 

649. An emblem of suffering. 

650. The Well of En-Rogel. 
A shaft pierced one hundred and 
twenty-five feet through the solid 
rock. The water now, as in an- 
cient times, is entirely pure and 
sweet, though the flow shrinks 
considerably in time of drought. 
— Thomson, Southern Palestine, 
p. 456. 

652. Ancient Tombs cut in the 
rocks of the valley of Hinnom, 
near Jerusalem. It is now im- 
possible to tell just when these 
caves were first cut. Many of 
them were used in the early Chris- 
tian ages as cells for hermits. — 
Thomson, Jerusalem. 

653. A House in Damascus. 
Eastern houses are built around 
a court, which has a pavement of 
stone or marble, with a fountain 
in the centre, shaded by orange 
or lemon trees. 

654. Ancient Jewish Pottery. 
See p. 631. The potter and his 
wheel is a common figure in the 
Scriptures, and - a common sight 
in Palestine. — Smith, " Pottery." 

655. A sketch of the road to 
En-Rogel, along which Amrah 
passed. Made from a photo- 
graph. 

656. Wild Dogs. Very com- 
mon in the East, where they are 
protected by custom because of 
their use as scavengers. A simi- 
lar function is performed by the 
buzzards of our Southern cities. 



w 



-672 657- A sketch of a Woman 
drawing water. Made from a 
photograph. The public well is 
the centre of village life in the 
East. 

658. An Egyptian Head. From 
the picture, by Sir Frederick 
Leighton, called " A Daughter 
of the Nile." 

659. Ancient method of draw- 
ing water, on the same princi- 
ple as the old New England 
well -sweep ; but the lack of a 
long timber has caused a stone to 
be used as a weight on the end of 
the lever. 

660. Decoration of morning- 
glories. 

661. A Bedstead. Made of 
the sticks of the palm branch, 
and used now in the East. It is 
probable, from references, that it 
was also used at the time of our 
story. The wicker-work was 
covered with a rug or blanket. — 
Wilkinson, Ancient Egyptians, 
vol. i. , p. 420. 

662. The Burning Heart 
pierced by a Sword, emblem of 
suffering. Simeon prophesied to 
Mary, " Yea, a sword shall pierce 
through thy own soul also." — 
Luke, ii. 35. 

663. Entrance to a large cata- 
comb cut in the rocky hill-side, 
near Jerusalem. It is called 
" The Tombs of the Judges ;" 
just why, it is hard to say. — 
Thomson, Southern Palestine, p. 
442. 

664. Two bronze Spoons. One 
found in the ruins of Thebes. 
See pp. 479 and 787.— Wilkin- 
son, Ancient Egyptians, vol. ii., 
P- 45- 

665. Ancient Roman Aque- 
duct, known as the Pont du Gard, 



in the neighborhood of Nismes, 
in the south of France — one of 
the finest remaining specimens of 
those great monuments of Roman 
energy and skill. 

666. A carved Capital of a pi- 
laster found in a subterranean 
chamber under the walls of Jeru- 
salem. It is supposed to be of 
the time of Herod, or older. — 
Perrot and Chipiez. 

667. Leaves of the trees in 
front of the palace. 

668. Head of a Rabbi. Rab- 
bi was a title of respect, by which 
the Jews, from the time of Herod 
the Great, distinguished the doc- 
tors of their law. The influence 
of these teachers over the people 
was enormous. — Smith, "Rab- 
bi." 

669. Tradition points to this 
as the House of Pilate. It is not 
the original building, but it is 
thought probable that the Hall of 
Judgment was somewhere in this 
vicinity. — Thomson, Jerusalem. 

670. 671. A Wall clad with a 
Vine, like the one against which 
Ben-Hur clung to avoid the rush. 
A border of Clubs, like those car- 
ried by Pilate's club-men. The 
club and the stone are the weap- 
ons of mobs, and typical of mob 
violence. 

672. Ruined Gateway of a 
Roman garden. The Romans 
were very fond of gardens. 
Their taste was for trim and for- 
mal beds bordered with box, for 
avenues of trees cut into fantastic 
shapes, and ornamented with 
statues, fountains, and summer- 
houses. What is now called a 
French garden is modelled after 
descriptions of Roman gardens. — 
Diet. Ant., " Hortus." 



673- Roman Sword, Shield, and 
Helmet. The use of the Roman 
sword, to which its shape so well 
adapted it, is explained in the text. 

674. Restored statue of a 
Gladiator. From the museum of 
Saint-Germain, in France. He 
is represented as giving the salute 
to the Emperor at the beginning 
of the games : ' ' Morituri te salu- 
tant " (Those about to die salute 
thee). 

675. A view of Bethany, a 
small hamlet of about forty- 
houses, built on the side of 
Mount Olivet. The Mohamme- 
dans call it El Azar, after Laza- 
rus, whose tomb they exhibit. — 
Thomson, Jerusalem. 

679. A view of Djenen, the 
first village in the plain of Esdra- 
elon as one enters it from Sa- 
maria. It contains about two 
thousand inhabitants and two 
mosques. Two ancient cemeter- 
ies are just outside of the village, 
one of whose monuments appears 
in the picture. 

680. Ruins of the Chateau of 
Tiberius, a city built by Herod 
Antipas, and named in honor of 
the Emperor Tiberius. See p. 
275. It was the capital of the 
province of Galilee. — Diet. Geog. 

681. An Arab Courier. From 
a picture by Fromentin. 

682. An ancient Crown. 

6S3. A sketch of the ruins of 
Amman. Made from a picture 
in Thomson's Lebanon, p. 612. 
The ruins are those of the once 
flourishing Greco-Roman city of 
Philadelphia, of which no inhab- 
itable building now remains. 

684. An Egyptian Necklace 
of gold. — Wilkinson, Ancient 
Egyptians, p. 345. 



685. Lion. The lion, once 673-692 
common in Africa, all parts of 
Southern Asia, and in South-east- 
ern Europe, is now found chiefly 

in the wilder parts of Africa and 
along the Tigris and Euphrates. 
The increased power of man has 
rendered the lion, like other ani- 
mals, less formidable than in ear- 
lier times. 

686. A sketch of a bit of scen- 
ery in an Oasis. After a picture 
of the Oasis of Firan, the most 
important of the oases of the 
Sinaitic peninsula. It contains 
springs of living water, tama- 
risks, date-palms, acacias. The 
Arabs regard it as a paradise of 
fertility ; but in more fertile 
lands it would be regarded, like 
most oases, as a waste place. 

687. Blossoms of the Olean- 
der. This shrub grows in Medi- 
terranean lands. Its flowers are 
rose colored to white, and its juice 
is very poisonous. 

688. An old Arabic Cup of en- 
amelled glass. 

» 689. Egyptian Carvings, taken 
from the temple at Denderah. 
The drawings are copied from 
the plates of the huge " Descrip- 
tion of Egypt," made by the 
army of learned men which Na- 
poleon caused to accompany his 
expedition to Egypt. 

690. A view on the Nile, near 
the ancient city of Thebes. 

691. Saddle of a Camel. The 
camel was the original servant of 
the nomad of the desert, and the 
horse is a later acquisition. The 
carving on the Assyrian monu- 
ments shows that the saddle has 
remained practically unchanged 
for centuries. 

692. The red-legged Partridge, 



694-7 06 common in France and Italy. It 
is a strong bird, about twice the 
size of the Virginia quail, which 
is called partridge in the South. 
— Natural History. 

694. The Crown of the coming 
Messiah. From an ancient crown. 

695. A Curule Chair of marble. 
Found in the Roman Forum, on 
the site of the old Tribunal. The 
curule chair was originally a mark 
of royalty. Under the republic, 
it was used by the magistrates ; 
and later, by the Emperor, his 
representatives, or those he de- 
sired to honor. — Diet. Ant. 

696. Effigy of an ancient Egyp- 
tian King, cut in the rock. 
Sketch made from a photograph. 

697. Mummy Case. The Egyp- 
tians did not burn or bury the 
dead, but subjected them to a 
process of embalming, by which 
they were preserved for thou- 
sands of years. Swathed in 
cloth, such a mummy was, during 
one period of Egyptian history, 
laid in a wooden coffin, or carved 
case, which was then enclosed in 
a sarcophagus. See p. 486. — 
Wilkinson, Ancient Egyptians. 

698. A border made of con- 
ventionalized Lilies-of- the- valley. 
Suggested by the words of Bal- 
thasar. 

699. A border of Butterflies, 
emblem of the immortal soul. 
Suggested by Balthasar's words. 
The birth of the butterfly from 
the chrysalis is thought to typify 
the escape of the soul from the 
dead body. 

700. Scrolls and Bells. Sym- 
bols of mysteries and of small 
and petty joys. Suggested by 
Balthasar's words. 

701. The jewel of eternal life, 



and the rays of the sun of right- 
eousness. 

702. A Camel, with pack-sad- 
dle ready for a load. This is an 
ordinary camel of burden, able to 
do from twenty to thirty miles a 
day. The swift dromedaries, like 
those used by Balthasar, are said 
to do two hundred miles in 
twenty-four hours. 

703. Such was the scenery 
through which the caravan was 
passing. Monotonous and mourn- 
ful, it is well described in the text. 

704. Ancient Egyptian Jew- 
elry. The ancient nations were 
exceedingly fond of ornament- 
ing their persons with jewelry, 
whether made of precious stones 
or precious metals or both. The 
artificers of Egypt possessed a 
peculiar skill in the manufacture 
of such ornaments, as did also the 
artificers of Rome. — Wilkinson, 
Ancient Egyptians. 

705. Cupid was represented by 
the ancient poets as a playful boy 
with golden wings; he carried a 
bow and arrows, some tipped 
with gold, others with lead. The 
gold-headed arrows caused love, 
the leaden hate in the bosom of 
those they wounded. Later there 
were thought to be many cupids. 

706. A Greek Sphinx with the 
head of a woman instead of a 
man. According to Greek my- 
thology the sphinx was a monster 
sent from Ethiopia to Thebes, in 
Greece, by the anger of the god- 
dess Hera. She proposed this 
riddle to passers by — which they 
must guess or be devoured : "A 
being with four feet has two feet, 
and three feet and only one voice ; 
but its feet vary, and when it has 
most it is weakest." CEdipus 



guessed " Man," and the sphinx Chnuphis, who represented the 7°7~7 1 9 

cast herself from the high rock on life-giving spirit. The asp indi- 

which she sat and died. CEdipus cated his dominion, and hence 

became king of Thebes as a re- came to be a symbol of the king, 

ward. — Diet. Biog., " CEdipus." — Wilkinson, Ancient Egyptians. 

707. Iras seems to have made 713. An ornamental border of 
a pet of her camel, but Eastern Lotus. The basis of Egyptian 
travellers have no good to say of ornament were the most familiar 
its disposition though much of its natural objects, the lotus and pa- 
usefulness. This life-like sketch pyrus. As indicated before, they 
of a camel's head seems to show never copied these, but rather 
a spiteful temper in its thin lips suggested them by the form of 
and ears laid back. the ornament they used. — Owen 

708. An allegorical figure of Jones, Grammar of Ornament. 
War bearing the sword of slaugh- 714. A winged figure of Isis. 
ter and the torch of conflagration. The symbolic and mystical nature 
It is the war of Iras's thought, ter- of the gods of the Egyptian pan- 
rible but glorious, not the war of theon is nowhere more clearly 
reality, cruel, ghastly, with pesti- shown than in Isis. She was 
lence and famine following. called " the ten thousand named." 

709. Egyptian Symbols. The It is impossible to explain her 
globe and cow's horns are sym- character and meaning here, and 
bols of Athor, the Egyptian Ve- the whole subject is very obscure, 
nus or Goddess of Love. The — Wilkinson, Ancient Egyptians, 
cow was sacred to her. — Wilkin- 715. Scene on the Jordan, near 
son, Ancient Egyptians. the entrance of the river Jabbok. 

710. Egyptian ornament, em- Sketch made from a picture in 
ploying lotus buds and papyrus. • Thomson's Central Palestine, p. 
See pp. 481, 713. — Owen Jones, 162. 

Grammar of Ornament. 716. A Thistle from the desert 

711. Egyptian ornament, rep- of En-Gedi. 

resenting a vulture. The vulture 717. Tomb of John the Bap- 
was a symbol of maternity. God- tist, near Sebastieh. It is in a 
desses and queens were often rep- Mussulman sanctuary along with 
resented with a vulture's wings two others, said to be those of 
covering their head instead of a Abdias and Elias. The tradi- 
cap. We do not know that it was tion is unauthentic. — Thomson, 
worshipped, but it is still called Central Palestine, 
sometimes by a name which 718. View on the Jordan, near 
means " The Hen of Pharaoh." the ford. Up to the time of the 
— Wilkinson, Ancient Egyptians, Roman dominion there do not 
vol. iii. seem to have been any bridges 

712. The Egyptians considered over the Jordan. There were 
many animals as more or less sa- several fords, of which the most 
cred because they were symbolic important was the one spoken of 
of different divinities. Among in the story. 

these was the asp, sacred to 719. A view of the head of the 

43 



720-741 Sea of Galilee, where the Jordan 
enters it. 

720-725. These five pages are 
accompanied by decorative de- 
signs ; but in the last two the 
artist has introduced the emblem 
of the Dove and the I. H. S., 
for which see p. 422. 

725. Well in Nazareth, called 
the Fountain of the Virgin. It 
is more than probable that it is 
the same from which Mary drew 
water and Jesus drank. The 
Greek Church of the Annuncia- 
tion is built near the spring whose 
source is north of the church It 
is so called because of a tradition 
that the angel appeared to many 
in this spot. — Thomson, Central 
Palestine, p. 322. 

727. A Carpenter's Shop at 
Nazareth. Drawn from a pho- 
tograph. The East is the land 
of conservation and immobility. 
Costumes, habits, customs change 
there but slowly. It is very 
probable that, at the time of our 
story, a carpenter-shop at Naza- 
reth would have looked much 
like this. 

731. Open Hall in the old 
Mameluke palace at Cairo. 

732. The covered Camel Litter 
of Simonides. Such litters are 
still used in the East. This pict- 
ure is drawn from the litter of 
the wife of the Sultan of Egypt. 

733. A view of the Sea of Gali- 
lee. The water of this lake is 
blue and very clear. It abounds 
in fish, but fishing has been al- 
most abandoned because of the 
shiftlessness of the inhabitants. — 
Thomson, Central Palestine. 

734. Eastern Seal. Seals have 
always been of the greatest im- 
portance in the East, where the 



seal served in the place of a sig- 
nature. 

735. An ancient Egyptian 
Landing - net, used to capture 
fish wounded by the spear or fast- 
ened by the hook. — Wilkinson, 
Ancient Egyptians, vol. ii., p. 
II7- 

736. A Roman Triumphal 
Arch. Victorious generals were 
accustomed to enter by a certain 
gate of the city, which was then 
adorned with trophies of the vic- 
tory celebrated. Hence arose the 
practice of building detached gate- 
ways in streets to celebrate victo- 
ries. The Washington Arch, just 
finished in New York, is a repro- 
duction of a triumphal arch. — 
Diet. Ant. , ' ' Arcus Triumphalis." 

737. The Road to Bethany. 
A sketch made from a photo- 
graph. Doubtless the same road 
along which Ben- Hur would have 
brought up his legions. 

738. Ancient Egyptian Brooch. 

739. The great Sphinx of the 
Egyptian desert, now ruined, and 
nearly buried in sand. It was 
cut out of the solid rock, which 
has been also supplemented by 
masonry. It is sixty -four feet 
from the top of the head to the 
paws. An inscription tells us 
that, fifteen hundred years be- 
fore Christ, it was freed from 
sand by an Egyptian king. 

740. Lotus. The two species 
of the lotus have almost disap- 
peared from the Lower Nile, 
where it was once so abundant. 
It survives, however, on the Up- 
per Nile, and is in no clanger of 
extinction, because it is cultivated 
in Europe and America. 

741. Sketch, drawn from a 
photograph of stone carving, rep- 



resenting an Egyptian king mak- 
ing an offering to the King of the 
Gods. The hawk was, like the 
ibis, a sacred bird, and his head 
was given to the representations 
of several divinities. — Wilkinson, 
Ancient Egyptians. 

742. Stairway of an Eastern 
house. 

743. A Roman circular Lamp. 
The lamp was filled with oil, 
wicks were inserted in the holes, 
and lighted. There were no 
chimneys, and, compared to mod- 
ern lamps, the light was uncer- 
tain and expensive. — Diet. Ant., 
" Lucerna." 

744. An ancient Egyptian 
Stool, with a leather cushion. 
The three-legged stool was prob- 
ably more usual in houses of in- 
ferior importance. — Wilkinson, 
Ancient Egyptians, vol. i., p. 414. 

745. A door in the Mandara, 
or private sitting-room, of a house 
in Cairo. 

746. 747. Seven Fishes and 
Grapes, suggesting the two mira- 
cles alluded to by Ben-Hur. 

748. A view of the Baths of 
Emmaus, in Galilee, near the city 
of Tiberias. The water is sul- 
phurous, and ranges from 130 to 
145 Fahrenheit. — Thomson, Cen- 
tral Palestine. 

749. The Crown of a King and 
the Wreath of Victory. These 
were the emblems of the Messiah 
for whom the Jews waited, and 
whose role of great conqueror 
they would have forced Jesus to 
play. See John, vi. 15. 

750. A corner of Nain, now 
only a heap of ruins, among 
which a few poor people dwell 
in squalor. — Thomson, Central 
Palestine, p. 205. 

4 



751. The house in Jerusalem 742-760 
which is called, by tradition, the 
House of Lazarus. 

752. A part of the Wall of Je- 
rusalem above the entrance to 
the so-called " Cotton Grotto." — 
Thomson, Southern Palestine, p. 
552. 

753. Another view of the Vil- 
lage of Siloam. A sketch made 
from a photograph. See p. 640. 

754. The City of the Lepers. A 
row of wretched hovels near the 
Zion Gate of Jerusalem in which 
a colony of lepers once dwelt. It 
is now abandoned, and the lepers 
are transferred to a hospital near 
another part of the wall. — Thom- 
son, Southern Palestine, p. 530. 

755. A sketch showing the rock 
tombs in the field which tradition 
points out as the death-place of 
Judas. It was used as a burying- 
place for pilgrims during the Cru- 
sades. Ship-loads of dirt from it 
were carried to Pisa in the thir- 
teenth century and put in the 
Pisan mausoleum. — Thomson, 
Southern Palestine, p. 452. 

756. Bread and Wheat. Signi- 
fying food, which the unfortunate 
lepers feared to want in future. 

757. Leprosy, as a hideous and 
poisonous dragon, feeding on it- 
self. 

759. View of the Mount of Ol- 
ives and the road to Bethany, as 
seen from among the Moham- 
medan graves under the wall of 
Jerusalem, near the Gate of the 
Tribes. — Thomson, Jerusalem. 

760. A view of the traditional 
site of Bethphage, between the 
Mount of Olives and the mount 
which is above Bethany. This 
spot is some half -hour's journey 
east of Jerusalem. 

45 



-7 8 4 761. Tophet, part of the Valley 
of Hinnom. It was originally a 
grove or garden of Solomon, but 
became a <type of desolation and 
torment. — Thomson, Jerusalem. 

764. A view on the road to 
Bethphage. From a photograph. 

765. Tail -piece, formed of a 
gourd vine, with blossom and 
fruit. 

766. Palm Branches. Type of 
beauty, victory, and peace. The 
Maccabees celebrated their victo- 
ries with palm branches ; hence, 
probably, their employment by the 
Jews at the time of our Lord. — 
Smith. 

767. Dancing Girl. After a 
painting by Siebel. Dancing with 
the timbrel had been the ancient 
Hebrew way of celebrating fes- 
tive or triumphal occasions. So 
'" Miriam the prophetess, the sis- 
ter of Aaron, took a timbrel in 
her hand. And all the women 
went out after her with timbrels 
and with dances." Exodus, xv. 20. 

768. Hosanna, or "Save, we 
pray." A phrase of Psalm 
CXVIII., at which the multi- 
tude responded to the chanting 
priest by shouting and waving 
branches. — Smith. 

769. The Hand of Benedic- 
tion, according to the Latin ritual. 
The Greek use was to toiich the 
tips of the thumb and ring-finger, 
and keep the others erect. When 
our Lord is shown as working a 
miracle in early Christian art in 
the West, He either holds a rod or 
has His fingers as here. The triple 
arrangement was supposed, in 
later times, to represent the Trin- 
ity. — Smith, "Christ." Diet. 
Christian Ant., "Benediction," 
p. 199. 



46 



770, 771. Decorative designs: 
pussy-willows and evening-prim- 
roses. 

772. Arab Horses. From a 
picture by Fromentin. 

777. Bridge over the torrent 
Kidron, near the tomb of Zacha- 
rias. The Kidron flows through 
a desolate gorge which is dry at 
seasons. — Thomson, Jerusalem. 

778. Design representing the 
glory of war. 

779. The Throne of Pilate. 
From Munkacsky's great picture, 
"Christ Before Pilate." 

780. View of the Plain of Gen- 
nesaret. The deep cut in the 
rock leading up towards the right 
from the central foreground, is the 
remnant of an old irrigating aque- 
duct, whose purpose was to con- 
vey the water of the fountain of 
Capharnaum to the Plain of Gen- 
nesaret. It is now ruined, and 
the cultivation of the plain is 
abandoned. — Thomson, Southern 
Palestine, p. 416. 

781. The Fortress called Tower 
of David, at Jerusalem. It has 
suffered much in war, and been 
often rebuilt. The present struct- 
ure is not older than the Crusades. 

782. View in Jerusalem. A 
sketch made from a photograph. 

783. The Vulture's Wings and 
the Asps. Egyptian symbols. 

784. The Egyptians stained 
their eyelids and eyebrows with 
a black powder. This is a stick 
for applying this powder and a 
box for holding it. An inscrip- 
tion shows that the box belonged 
to " Kams, priest, eldest royal son 
of Amen." In Egypt both men 
and women used cosmetics. — 
Wilkinson, Ancient Egyptians, 
vol. ii., p. 348. 



785. Ancient Masks, vised by 
actors. Taken from Falke's " Life 
of the Greeks and Romans." The 
mask signifies concealment and 
deceit, and is suggested by the 
words of the text on the double 
nature of Iras. 

786. An ancient bronze Altar 
of Libation. A libation was a 
form of sacrificing to the gods. 
The offering, usually of unmixed 
wine, but sometimes of milk or 
honey, was solemnly poured out 
before the gods with an invoca- 
tion. — Diet. Ant., " Sacrificium." 

787. Ruins of Thebes, near 
Karnak. Thebes has been de- 
serted for centuries, and its build- 
ing-stones have been plundered 
for houses and to burn in lime- 
kilns; but it still remains the most 
extensive ruin in the world. 

788. A Grecian Shield and 
Spear. The shield represents the 
shield of Pallas. In its centre was 
the head of Medusa. See p. 792. 

789. Stone carving from a sar- 
cophagus found in Palestine. The 
patterns, which show the influ- 
ence of Greek and Roman art, 
are of about the time of our 
story. — Perrot and Chipiez. 

790. The Chaplet spoken of by 
Iras. The artist has taken from 
Montfaucon's " L'Antiquite Ex- 
pliquee " the figure of a corona 
civica made of oak. This was 
the second highest military honor. 
See p. 419. It was assumed by 
many emperors. — Diet. Ant., 
" Corona." 

791. The Castle of St. Angelo, 
on the banks of the Tiber, built 
as a mausoleum for the Emperor 
Hadrian, but afterwards used as 
a castle by the popes of the Mid- 
dle Ages. It has been stripped 



of all its porticos, carvings, and 785-801 
statues. — Diet. Ant., "Mauso- 
leum." 

792. The Head of Medusa, a 
beautiful maiden, whose hair was 
turned into serpents by Minerva 
because of a sacrilege. Her ap- 
pearance was so fearful that 
everybody who looked at her was 
changed into stone. Medusa was 
slain by Perseus, and Minerva set 
the head in the midst of her 
shield. — Diet. Ant," Gorgons." 

793. The Sea-shells spoken of 
by Iras -as used by the workers in 
mosaic. 

794. Figure of Isis in the mu- 
seum at Boolak. The introduc- 
tion of the worship of Isis among 
the Romans was combated by 
the laws, and her temples were at 
one time •all demolished, but the 
cult finally became fully estab- 
lished in Rome itself, 

795. A strangled Serpent. Sym- 
bol of treachery defeated. 

796. An ancient Egyptian Mir- 
ror, made of highly polished 
bronze, with a handle decorated 
by forms of the papyrus. It was 
of such mirrors as this that Moses 
cast the brazen laver of the Tab- 
ernacle. Exodus, xxxviii. 8. 

797. Ancient stand of bronze 
to hold small lamps. 

798. A Bireme, and, as the 
basket at the mast -bead indi- 
cates, a Trading-vessel. A ship 
is the symbol of commerce. 

799. Decorative design from 
the top of a doorway. 

800. An Eastern Stairway and 
Court-yard. 

801. A statue of David. In the 
Museum of the Luxembourg, 
Paris. It is by a modern sculptor 
— Monsieur A. Mercie. 



802-814 802. Roses and Peacocks's 
Feathers. Typical of Tirzah and 
Iras. 

803. A Cedar of Lebanon. A 
sketch made from a photograph. 
The upright habit of the tree, all 
of whose branches tend upward, 
is clearly seen in the picture. — 
Thomson, Lebanon, p. 261. 

804. Lantern, Bludgeons, and 
a Spear, carried by the arresting 
party. 

805. The house called The 
House of Veronica, on the Way 
of the Cross, in Jerusalem. Ac- 
cording to tradition, this is the 
street traversed by our Lord on 
the way to crucifixion. 

806. The " Terra Damnata." 
Pointed out by tradition as the 
spot where Judas betrayed Christ. 
It is regarded by all the sects of 
Jerusalem with abhorrence — as 
accursed. There is little reason to 
suppose that the identification is 
accurate. The sketch is made 
from a photograph. 

807. A view in the so-called 
Garden of Gethsemane. This is 
a space about 150 feet square, ar- 
bitrarily selected by tradition as 
the place of our Lord's agony in 
the garden. The tradition which 
identifies it does not date back 
earlier than the fourth century. — 
Thomson, Southern Palestine, p. 
432.. 

808. Another view of the Gar- 
den of Gethsemane. The space 
has been surrounded by a fence, 
laid out as a garden, and deco- 
rated with floral borders, a foun- 
tain, and other incongruous orna- 
ments. It contains eight old 
olive-trees. — Thomson , Southern 
Palestine, p. 432. 

809. A sketch representing Ju- 



das with his bag clutched in his 
hand. 

810. A Cup and Rope. Em- 
blematic of the arrest and bind- 
ing, and the bitter cup of agony 
which Christ prayed might pass 
from Him. 

811. The Gate of Jerusalem, 
called St. Stephen's because of the 
tradition that the first martyr was 
here stoned to death by the Jews. 
It is also called Gate of the Tribes 
and the Gate of My Lady Mary. 
After a photograph. — Thomson, 
Southern Palestine, p. 557. 

812. A fragment of the Church 
of the Holy Sepulchre — an enor- 
mous collection of chapels sup- 
posed to mark various sacred lo- 
calities. The centre of it all is 
the Sepulchre of Christ, by which 
shrine forty-three churches have 
the right to worship. This shrine 
has perhaps been the occasion of 
more bloodshed than any other 
spot on earth — a strange com- 
mentary of human sin on the 
teaching of Christ. — Thomson, 
Southern Palestine, p. 469. 

813. Sepulchre near Jerusalem 
called The Tombs of the Kings. 
A square court twenty feet deep 
was sunk in the solid rock, and 
an arched doorway cut through 
the face of the cliff on one side. 
On the west face of the court a 
decorated portico gave access to 
the catacombs. — Thomson, South- 
ern Palestine, p. 439. 

814. The figure of Pilate. 
After Munkacsky's picture. This 
figure is seated on the throne 
shown on page 779. The charac- 
ter of Pilate, an unscrupulous 
Roman adventurer, anxious only 
for wealth and power, is well 
shown in his face. 



48 



8 1 5. The Church of the Holy 
Sepulchre, in Jerusalem. The 
legends . which connect these 
shrines with various scenes in 
sacred history are very unreliable, 
and the scenes enacted by the 
votaries of many of the sects 
which have access to them are 
often very trying to intelligent 
beholders. 

816. A pool within the walls 
of Jerusalem, known as the Pool 
of Hezekiah. It is about 250 by 
140 feet, with a depth of from 
12 to 15 feet. The water is 
brought from without the walls 
by an underground conduit. It 
is thought to be the pool built by 
Hezekiah as a preparation for the 
siege by the King of Assyria. — 
Thomson, Southern Palestine, p. 
547. 

817. The head of a listening 
rabbi. From Munkacsky's pict- 
ure of " Christ Before Pilate." 

818. A gateway in the Church 
of the Holy Sepulchre. See p. 
S15. 

819. Eastern Litter. The nar- 
row and ill-paved streets of East- 
ern cities render the use of car- 
riages difficult, hence litters were 
much used. For a similar reason 
the so-called Sedan-chairs were 
much used in European cities. 

820. The Crown of Thorns. 

821. A part of the crowd re- 
turning to Jerusalem. From Mun- 
kacsky's picture, " The Crucifix- 
ion." To make this picture, the 
celebrated painter built a special 
studio, and worked so incessantly 
as to temporarily cripple his 
health. 

822. Pomegranates and Bells. 
The robe of the high-priest was 
embroidered with pomegranates 



in purple and scarlet. Between 815-845 
every pair hung a golden bell. 
See Exodus, xxxix. 25. 

823. Doorway of the Church 
of the Virgin, at the garden of 
Gethsemane. See pp. 807, 808. 
It is necessary to descend sixty 
steps to get into the church. The 
tomb of Mary is shown within. 
In the garden near by, the spot is 
pointed out from which she was 
carried to heaven by an angelic 
host. — Thomson, Southern Pal- 
estine, p. 428. 

824. An ancient Sling. Taken 
from an Egyptian monument. 
The Jews had, in very early times, 
possessed great skill with the 
sling. 

825. Heads of the Mob. From 
a German picture. 

826. The half - drawn Svvord 
waiting the word of Ben-Hur to 
leap from the scabbard and strike 
for freedom. 

827. Road to the locality point- 
ed out as Calvary. A sketch made 
from a photograph. 

828. A bunch of the aromatic 
plant supposed by some authors 
to be the hyssop of Scripture. 
The name hyssop seems also to 
have been applied to aromatic 
herbs in general. — Smith. 

829-845. These pages are ac- 
companied by decorative designs 
employing symbols already ex- 
plained. There is the reed of the 
mocking. Mark, xv. 19. " Pax," 
the Latin word used in the bene- 
diction "Pax vobiscum," mean- 
ing " Peace be with you." There 
are various forms of the initials of 
Christ: I. N. R. I. (p. 436) ; 
X. P., initial Greek letters of the 
word " Christ ;" I. H. S. (p. 422). 
The cross and nails. On page 



846-853 842 are the words " Eloi, Eloi, 
lama sabachthani," written in 
Greek characters. Mark, xv. 34. 

846. One of the so-called Sta- 
tions of the Cross which, accord- 
ing to tradition, mark the path of 
our Lord on his way to crucifix- 
ion. 

847. The so - called Arch of 
Ecce Homo, in Jerusalem. Ecce 
homo is the Latin for Pilate's 
words when he brought out Jesus 
before the people: "Behold the 
man." This arch was certainly 
not there at that time, and there 
is no special reason to connect it 
with that occurrence. — Thomson, 
Southern Palestine, p. 489. 

849. A Snake, with a Dagger 
driven through his head, sug- 
gesting the assassination of the 
treacherous and cruel Messala by 
Iras. 

850. The Bay at Misenum. 
See page 261. The name of the 
promontory of Misenum was sup- 
posed to have been derived from 
the trumpeter of ^Eneas, who 
was buried there. The greater 
part of the promontory was occu- 



pied by a magnificent villa, which 
finally became imperial property. 
— Diet. Geog.," Misenum." 

851. Coin, with a head of 
Nero, emperor of Rome from 
54-68. A great conflagration in 
64 aroused the suspicion that the 
city had been fired by Nero's or- 
ders. To divert suspicion, he ac- 
cused the Christians of the crime, 
and many of them were executed 
by fire, sword, and the beasts of 
the arena as enemies of the hu- 
man race. 

852. Palms from the Orchard 
of Palms, the gift of Ilderim to 
Ben-Hur. 

853. The usual Roman method 
of disposing of the dead was by 
burning. The ashes were then 
placed in an urn and put in the 
tomb. But the wealthier used 
larger receptacles called sarcoph- 
agi, from Greek words meaning 
flesh - eater. These were made 
at first of a corrosive rock from 
Asia Minor, which destroyed a 
body in forty days. Later any 
large stone coffin was called a 
sarcophagus. See p. 486. 



THE END, 



A 



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for the Illustrations in the 
| Garfield Edition of General Lew. 
1 Wallace's Novel kt BEN-HUR" 



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